{"id":822,"date":"2001-02-14T01:44:23","date_gmt":"2001-02-13T17:44:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/?p=822"},"modified":"2018-07-07T18:27:38","modified_gmt":"2018-07-07T10:27:38","slug":"%e9%82%b1%e6%be%8e%e7%94%9f%e6%95%99%e6%8e%88%e3%80%8c%e6%95%b8%e7%9b%ae%e5%ad%97%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86%e3%80%8d%e6%98%af%e6%b4%9e%e8%a6%8b%e6%88%96%e9%99%90%e5%88%b6%ef%bc%9f-%e9%bb%83%e4%bb%81%e5%ae%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/?p=822","title":{"rendered":"\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u662f\u6d1e\u898b\u6216\u9650\u5236\uff1f \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u4e0b\u7684\u660e\u6e05\u5e02\u5834\u8207\u653f\u5e9c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u90b1\u6f8e\u751f\uff08\u4e2d\u7814\u9662\u53f2\u8a9e\u6240\u52a9\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\uff0c2001\u5e74\u5143\u6708\uff09<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">*<br \/>\n<\/a>\uff08\u672c\u6587\u4fee\u6539\u5f8c\uff0c\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u300a\u53f0\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5831\u300b26\u671f\uff09<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u4e2d\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8207\u6587<br \/>\n\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u7684\u6d1e\u898b\u8207\u9650\u5236<br \/>\n\u5fb5\u5f15\u66f8\u76ee<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u300d\uff08macro-history\uff09\u3001\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\uff08mathematically manageable\uff09\u662f\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u6210\u5b78\u4ee5\u4f86\u6240\u6975\u529b\u5ba3\u63da\u7684\u53f2\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u53f2\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7d71\u7a31\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u53f2\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u64cd\u6f14\u3002\u4f55\u8b02\u300c\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u300d\uff1f\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u76f4\u6307\u7a31\u662f\uff1a\u300c\u5373\u662f\u5f9e\u6280\u8853\u4e0a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u6b77\u53f2\uff08technical interpretation of history\uff09\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"> [1] <\/a>\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u6280\u8853\u4e0a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u300d\uff0c\u5247\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u5920\u5c07\u6574\u500b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4ee5\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u56e0\u4e4b\u793e\u6703\u88cf\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u80fd\u76f8\u4e92\u66f4\u63db\uff08interchangeable\uff09 \u7684\u96f6\u4ef6\uff1b\u66f4\u56e0\u4e4b\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7e41\u8907\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65e2\u4ee5\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u4f5c\u5b97\u65e8\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u540c\u6a23\u4ee5\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u4e0a\u52a0\u6e1b\u4e58\u9664\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c07\u6b0a\u5229\u8207\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u5206\u5272\u6b78\u4f75\uff0c\u4f86\u652f\u6301\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u9019\u5728\u63a8\u9032\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7121\u53ef\u6bd4\u64ec\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u689d\u4ef6\u2026\u2026\u4ee5\u8fb2\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u4f5c\u570b\u5bb6\u57fa\u5e79\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u51e1\u4e8b\u7dad\u6301\u820a\u6709\u7684\u5747\u8861\uff1b\u4ee5\u5546\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u4f5c\u570b\u5bb6\u57fa\u5e79\uff0c\u5247\u6ce8\u91cd\u52a0\u901f\u4ea4\u63db \uff08exchange\uff09\u3002\u6642\u4ee3\u6108\u9032\u5316\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u6108\u80fd\u638c\u63e1\u79d1\u6280\uff0c\u800c\u524d\u8005\u7684\u5f31\u9ede\u66f4\u70ba\u66b4\u9732\uff0c\u5176\u570b\u6c11\u5c0d\u5176\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u7121\u80fd\u76ca\u62b1\u4e0d\u6eff\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"> [2] <\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!--more-->\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u6bb5\u8a71\u80fd\u76f8\u7576\u7a0b\u5ea6\u638c\u63e1\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u6240\u63d0\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u7684\u7cbe\u860a\u3002\u9019\u6bb5\u8a71\u5305\u62ec\u5169\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u5c64\u9762\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5c64\u9762\u662f\u5c07\u6b77\u53f2\u767c\u5c55\u5340\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u4ee5\u8fb2\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u4f5c\u570b\u5bb6\u57fa\u5e79\u3001\u4ee5\u5546\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u4f5c\u570b\u5bb6\u57fa\u5e79\u300d\u5169\u985e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u793e\u6703\u67b6\u69cb\u300d\uff1a\u300c\u8fb2\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u300d\u70ba\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\uff08mathematically unmanageable\uff09\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u662f\u4ee5\u300c\u6ce8\u91cd\u51e1\u4e8b\u7dad\u6301\u820a\u6709\u7684\u5747\u8861\u300d\u76f8\u9023\u7d50\uff1b\u300c\u5546\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u300d\u70ba\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u5247\u914d\u5408\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u4ee5\u300c\u6ce8\u91cd\u52a0\u901f\u4ea4\u63db\u300d\u76f8\u9023\u7d50\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u5c64\u9762\u5247\u4ee5\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e0a\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u7fa9\u52d9\u5206\u5272\u6b78\u4f75\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u300d\u4e09\u8005\u9593\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u505a\u70ba\u300c\u4ee5\u5546\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u4f5c\u570b\u5bb6\u57fa\u5e79\u300d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u793e\u6703\u67b6\u69cb\u300d\uff0c\u53ef\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u793e\u6703\u300d\u6216\u662f\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u793e\u6703\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u4ee5\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u4f86\u6aa2\u8996\u4eba\u985e\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u968e\u6bb5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4e2d\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u300d\u9593\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u300c\u5f9e\u6280\u8853\u4e0a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u6b77\u53f2\uff08technical interpretation of history\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u300c\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u300d\u3002\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4ee5\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u300d\u8003\u5bdf\u4eba\u985e\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u80fd\u85c9\u4ee5\u6a19\u8a02\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u5340\u7684\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u66f4\u80fd\u64a5\u958b\u7d1b\u7d1c\u6b77\u53f2\u8868\u8c61\u3001\u76f4\u6417\u793e\u6703\u8ca7\u7aae\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"> [3] <\/a>\u9032\u800c\u70ba\u5305\u542b\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u570b\u5728\u5167\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u5f8c\u570b\u5bb6\u958b\u51fa\u59a5\u5207\u85e5\u65b9\uff1a\u907f\u958b\u7121\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u8def\u7dda\u722d\u8b70\uff0c\u6e1b\u5c11\u5b8c\u6210\u6539\u9020\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u793e\u6703\u67b6\u69cb\u300d\u7684\u6642\u9593\u8207\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u65e9\u65e5\u8e8b\u8eab\u300c\u80fd\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u4e4b\u6797\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"> [4] <\/a> <a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u56e0\u70ba\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u8ff0\u53f2\u89c0\u7684\u5be6\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u5efa\u8b70\u5728\u5927\u5b78\u8a2d\u7acb\u300c\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u300d\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u300c\u6b77\u53f2\u5bb6\u4f38\u5f35\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u773c\u5149\u6df1\u5ea6\u4e26\u653e\u5bdb\u8996\u754c\u300d\uff0c\u5beb\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5b8f\u89c0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300d\uff1a\u300c\u80fd\u5920\u5831\u544a\u8b80\u8005\uff0c\u4f55\u8005\u8b8a\u5316\u70ba\u77ed\u6642\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f55\u7a2e\u6539\u9769\u6709\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u85c9\u4ee5\u4fee\u88dc\u73fe\u4eca\u53f2\u5b78\u8a13\u7df4\u904e\u65bc\u947d\u7814\u300c\u5c0f\u984c\u76ee\u300d\u7684\u7fd2\u6c23\u3002\u4ed6\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7684\u53f2\u5b78\u540c\u50da\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547c\u7c72\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u6709\u4e9b\u540c\u4e8b\u53ef\u80fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u5efa\u8b70\u904e\u65bc\u6025\u71e5\u3001\u904e\u65bc\u6d6e\u6cdb\u3002\u800c\u6211\u6240\u6050\u61fc\u7684\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u9867\u616e\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u8655\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u524d\u7121\u53e4\u4eba\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u88cf\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u5982\u65af\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u6230\u7565\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f01\u696d\u5bb6\u751a\u81f3\u65c5\u904a\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u5f85\u6211\u5011\u7684\u771f\u77e5\u5353\u898b\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u6211\u5011\u82e5\u518d\u7336\u7591\uff0c\u5247\u4ee5\u5f8c\u6240\u8457\u66f8\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u770b\u4e86\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\"> [5] <\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u7d30\u7e79\u672c\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u8108\u7d61\uff0c\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u771f\u77e5\u5353\u898b\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u53ea\u9650\u65bc\u4ed6\u5021\u8b70\u7684\u300c\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u53f2\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u671f\u8a31\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u6700\u4ee4\u6211\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u7684\uff0c\u4ecd\u662f\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u8ce6\u4e88\u53f2\u5b78\u300c\u7d93\u4e16\u81f4\u7528\u300d\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u8207\u6182\u5fc3\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u5011\u82e5\u518d\u7336\u7591\uff0c\u5247\u4ee5\u5f8c\u6240\u8457\u66f8\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u770b\u4e86\u300d\u3002\u5728\u70ba\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5eff\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u4f5c\u5e8f\u6642\uff0c\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\u5148\u751f\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u4f5c\u8005\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u662f\u5341\u5206\u8feb\u5207\u7684\u2026\u2026\u6211\u5011\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5426\u63a5\u53d7\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u53f2\u5b78\u9810\u8a2d\u6216\u540c\u610f\u4ed6\u5c0d\u5177\u9ad4\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u771f\u8aa0\u548c\u6545\u570b\u60c5\u6df1\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u7a2e\u540c\u60c5\u3002\u9019\u90e8\u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5eff\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u300b\u6b63\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u7406\u667a\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u4ea4\u7e54\u800c\u6210\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\"> [6] <\/a>\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u300c\u7406\u667a\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u4ea4\u7e54\u300d\uff0c\u6b63\u53ef\u8cbc\u5207\u8aaa\u660e\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u53f2\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7279\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u53f2\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u5c64\u9762\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\"> [7] <\/a>\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5728\u5c0d\u65e5\u6297\u6230\u671f\u9593\u7531\u904b\u8f38\u88dc\u7d66\u904e\u7a0b\u9ad4\u6703\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u5be6\u6cc1\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u90fd\u7121\u80fd\u529b\u8ac7\u53ca\uff0c\u53ea\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u5c0d\u4ed6\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u505a\u4e9b\u5206\u68b3\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u660e\u6e05\u5e02\u5834\u8207\u653f\u5e9c\u9593\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a\u95dc\u4fc2\u505a\u4e9b\u76f8\u95dc\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u91cd\u65b0\u7701\u601d\u9019\u500b\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8207\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u4e2d\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8207\u6587\u5316<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u6a19\u8209\u7684\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6709\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u5b78\u8853\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u4ed6\u5c0d\u660e\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5c08\u529b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\"> [8] <\/a>\u4e8c\u662f\u4ed6\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u767c\u5c55\u53f2\u7684\u5bc6\u96c6\u95b1\u8b80\u8207\u5e2b\u53cb\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\"> [9] <\/a>\u524d\u8005\u7cbe\u83ef\u5177\u9ad4\u8868\u73fe\u5728<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\"><\/a><strong><em>Taxation and Governmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China<\/em><\/strong>\uff081974\uff0c\u4e2d\u8b6f\u300a\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u660e\u4ee3\u7684\u8ca1\u653f\u8207\u7a05\u6536\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u8207<strong><em>1587, A Year of No Significance<\/em><\/strong>\uff081981\uff0c\u4e2d\u8b6f\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\uff09\u5169\u66f8\uff1b\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u8868\u73fe\u5728\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff081986\uff09\u8207\u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5eff\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u300b\uff081991\uff09\u3002\u56db\u7a2e\u66f8\u6587\u53ef\u8996\u70ba\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u5f62\u6210\u8207\u8ad6\u8a3c\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u3002\u672c\u6587\u958b\u59cb\u5373\u6307\u51fa\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u5177\u6709\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u5167\u6db5\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u5c07\u4eba\u985e\u6b77\u53f2\u767c\u5c55\u5340\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u4ee5\u8fb2\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u4f5c\u570b\u5bb6\u57fa\u5e79\u3001\u4ee5\u5546\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u4f5c\u570b\u5bb6\u57fa\u5e79\u300d\u5169\u985e\u4e0d\u540c\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u793e\u6703\u67b6\u69cb\u300d\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u662f\u300c\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u4ee5\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e0a\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u7fa9\u52d9\u5206\u5272\u6b78\u4f75\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u300d\u4e09\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u505a\u70ba\u300c\u4ee5\u5546\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u4f5c\u570b\u5bb6\u57fa\u5e79\u300d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5fb5\u3002\u5c07\u9019\u7d44\u6982\u5ff5\u843d\u5be6\u5230\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u5206\u5225\u4ee5\u660e\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u70ba\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u5178\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u4ee51689\u5e74\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u5f8c\u7684\u82f1\u570b\u70ba\u300c\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u5178\u578b\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u66f4\u65b9\u4fbf\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u793e\u6703\u67b6\u69cb\u300d\u5178\u578b\u53ca\u5176\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u6709\u6642\u4e5f\u5c07\u524d\u8005\u5f62\u5bb9\u70ba\u300c\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u5012\u780c\u300d\uff08a pyramid built upside down\uff09\u3001\u300c\u9593\u67b6\u5f0f\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\uff08schematic design\uff09\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\"> [10] <\/a>\u6216\u662f\u300c\u6ff3\u6c34\u8247\u593e\u8089\u4e09\u660e\u6cbb\u300d\uff08submarine sandwich\uff09\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\"> [11] <\/a>\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u9015\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u5c07\u660e\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u505a\u70ba\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u5178\u578b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8207\u4ed6\u5c08\u7814\u7684\u660e\u4ee3\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u660e\u592a\u7956\u5275\u8a2d\u7684\u300c\u6d2a\u6b66\u578b\u8ca1\u653f\u300d\u662f\u7a2e\u300c\u6536\u6b5b\u6027\u300d\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u8207\u5510\u5b8b\u5e1d\u570b\u300c\u64f4\u5f35\u6027\u300d\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u660e\u671d\u300c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5f8c\u52e4\u80fd\u529b\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u9060\u6bd4\u5510\u5b8b\u5e1d\u570b\u56b4\u91cd\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\"> [12] <\/a>\u653f\u5e9c\u96c6\u4e2d\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u8ca1\u7a05\u8cc7\u6e90\u898f\u6a21\u53d7\u5230\u5f88\u5927\u9650\u5236\u3002\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u6d2a\u6b66\u578b\u8ca1\u653f\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u7a2e\u300c\u5927\u800c\u7121\u7576\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u300d\uff08monolithic structure\uff09\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7e3d\u652c\u5176\u6210\u7684\u570b\u5eab\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u8ca1\u653f\u4e3b\u7ba1\u6a5f\u69cb\u6236\u90e8\u4ee5\u53ca\u5168\u570b\u5404\u5730\u7a05\u6536\u6a5f\u95dc\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u7531\u6236\u90e8\u7d71\u8f44\u8abf\u5ea6\u7684\u300c\u5206\u652f\u8ca1\u5eab\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u66ab\u6642\u96c6\u4e2d\u8ca1\u7a05\u6536\u5165\u7684\u6709\u6548\u300c\u4e2d\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\u300d\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7d14\u4efb\u5404\u7d1a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee5\u300c\u539f\u984d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7e73\u7d0d\u7a05\u7ce7\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u7a05\u6536\u8a18\u9304\u4e3b\u8981\u53ea\u662f\u4e0a\u5831\u6236\u90e8\u4ea4\u5dee\u4e86\u4e8b\u7684\u300c\u5b98\u6a23\u6587\u7ae0\u300d\uff08superficiality\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u53cd\u6620\u771f\u5be6\u7a05\u6536\u6578\u5b57\u7684\u8b8a\u52d5\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u662f\u63a1\u7528\u300c\u539f\u984d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7e73\u7d0d\u7a05\u7ce7\u8207\u8a08\u7b97\u5831\u92b7\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6c11\u9593\u7d93\u6fdf\u6210\u9577\u5e36\u4f86\u5546\u696d\u90e8\u9580\u7a05\u6536\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4e3b\u52d5\u56e0\u61c9\uff0c\u7121\u9700\u91dd\u5c0d\u8fb2\u696d\u3001\u5546\u696d\u7a05\u6536\u6bd4\u7387\u7d50\u69cb\u8abf\u6574\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5145\u4efd\u5448\u73fe\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u88ab\u52d5\u6027\u683c\u300d\uff08passivity\uff09\uff0c\u5168\u570b\u8ca1\u653f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6a19\u4e43\u653e\u5728\u300c\u7dad\u6301\u653f\u6cbb\u73fe\u72c0\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u53cd\u6620\u7d93\u6fdf\u793e\u6703\u7684\u52d5\u614b\u300d\u3002\u800c\u7dad\u6301\u9019\u5957\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u5247\u662f\u5c07\u300c\u6587\u5316\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u652f\u914d\u300d\uff08the cultural and political dominance\uff09\u5f37\u58d3\u5728\u300c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5927\u800c\u7121\u7576\u800c\u53c8\u81ea\u7d66\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u7cfb\u7d71\u300d\uff08a large and self-sufficient economy\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u9867\u300c\u5546\u696d\u58d3\u529b\u53ca\u5916\u4f86\u7684\u7af6\u722d\u300d\uff08commercial pressures and competition from outside\uff09\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\"> [13] <\/a> <a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u660e\u4ee3\u300c\u6d2a\u6b66\u578b\u8ca1\u653f\u300d\u81f3\u5c11\u7522\u751f\u5169\u500b\u56b4\u91cd\u5f8c\u679c\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u8ca1\u7a05\u8cc7\u6e90\u7121\u6cd5\u96c6\u4e2d\u800c\u5f71\u97ff\u5168\u570b\u4ea4\u901a\u57fa\u790e\u8a2d\u65bd\u7684\u6210\u9577\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u4e0d\u91cd\u8996\u5546\u7a05\u6536\u5165\u800c\u4f7f\u653f\u5e9c\u65bd\u653f\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7121\u6cd5\u56e0\u61c9\u5546\u696d\u8b8a\u52d5\u800c\u8abf\u6574\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u662f\uff1a\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u65e2\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e2d\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u5168\u570b\u8ca1\u7a05\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e43\u7121\u6cd5\u6709\u6548\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6b0a\u5b9c\u6027\u5730\u5728\u5404\u7d1a\u653f\u5e9c\u6a5f\u69cb\u9593\u632a\u79fb\u8abf\u7528\uff1a\u300c\u5168\u570b\u84cb\u6eff\u4e86\u6b64\u4f86\u5f7c\u5f80\u7684\u77ed\u7dda\u689d\u88dc\u7d66\u7dda\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u908a\u9632\u7684\u5175\u93ae\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u6536\u4e00\u3001\u4e8c\u5341\u500b\u7e23\u4efd\u7684\u63a5\u6fdf\uff1b\u4e00\u500b\u7e23\u4efd\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u4e00\u6253\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u7e73\u7d0d\u8ca1\u7269\u300d\uff0c\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u660e\u671d\u6236\u90e8\u5f9e\u4f86\u5373\u300c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u57f7\u884c\u6a5f\u95dc\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u6240\u6703\u8a08\u8859\u9580\u300d\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\"> [14] <\/a>\u8cc7\u6e90\u7121\u6cd5\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u96e3\u4ee5\u5e36\u52d5\u76f8\u95dc\u7d71\u7c4c\u904b\u8f38\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u904b\u8f38\u8a2d\u65bd\u6210\u9577\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u662f\uff1a\u65e2\u7136\u4e2d\u592e\u6216\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u90fd\u4e0d\u5728\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u91cd\u8996\u5404\u5730\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5546\u7a05\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u5b98\u54e1\u5c0d\u65bc\u5404\u5730\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u7d93\u5546\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u6539\u5584\u5404\u7a2e\u4ea4\u901a\u3001\u901a\u8a0a\u57fa\u790e\u8a2d\u65bd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5275\u8a2d\u9069\u7528\u5546\u696d\u7684\u65b0\u5f0f\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u5217\u5165\u65bd\u653f\u8003\u91cf\u3002\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u5f71\u97ff\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u7d9c\u5408\u7d50\u679c\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u570b\u5bb6\u7d93\u6fdf\u88cf\u5e36\u8457\u670d\u52d9\u6027\u8cea\u7684\u90e8\u9580\uff0c\u5373\u7121\u6cd5\u4f38\u8db3\u524d\u9032\u3002\u4ea4\u901a\u8207\u901a\u4fe1\u662f\u4ea4\u7d0d\uff08\u7a05\u6536\uff09\u7684\u8f2a\u8ef8\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u7269\u8cc7\u65e2\u6c92\u6709\u96c6\u4e2d\u6536\u767c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u7528\u4e0d\u8457\u6b64\u7a2e\u8eca\u8f1b\u4e86\u3002\u9280\u884c\u696d\u8207\u4fdd\u96aa\u696d\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u62ac\u982d\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u5546\u696d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e3b\u9867\u2014\u2014\u653f\u5e9c\u8859\u9580\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u4e8b\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5c1a\u4e0d\u7167\u5546\u696d\u8fa6\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53ef\u60f3\u800c\u77e5\u3002\u6cd5\u5ead\u548c\u5f8b\u5e2b\u7684\u670d\u52d9\u7576\u7136\u66f4\u8ac7\u4e0d\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u501a\u9760\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5546\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u5c1a\u672a\u767b\u5834\u2026\u2026\u653f\u5e9c\u81ea\u5df1\u672c\u8eab\u65e2\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6b64\u7a2e\u7a2e\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u5927\u5c0f\u8859\u9580\u5b98\u50da\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u7121\u610f\u66ff\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u7d93\u71df\u8457\u60f3\u3002\u800c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u670d\u52d9\u4e8b\u696d\u53c8\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u7531\u6b63\u5f0f\u7acb\u6cd5\u6216\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7dad\u6301\uff0c\uff08\u96e3\uff09\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u6253\u958b\u5c40\u9762\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\"> [15] <\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u6307\u8cac\u660e\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u300c\u4e0d\u7167\u5546\u696d\u8fa6\u6cd5\u300d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6236\u90e8\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u5168\u570b\u5404\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u6709\u6548\u5206\u652f\u8ca1\u5eab\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u73fe\u4ee3\u5546\u696d\u516c\u53f8\u7d44\u7e54\u4e00\u822c\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u6536\u5165\u8207\u652f\u51fa\u78ba\u5be6\u767b\u9304\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u8207\u7d71\u4e00\u8abf\u5ea6\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\"> [16] <\/a>\u5f71\u97ff\u6240\u53ca\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u4ea4\u901a\u3001\u901a\u8a0a\u7b49\u57fa\u790e\u8a2d\u65bd\u7121\u529b\u64f4\u5927\uff0c\u91d1\u878d\u3001\u4fdd\u96aa\u7b49\u79c1\u4eba\u5546\u696d\u90e8\u9580\u767c\u5c55\u6a5f\u6703\u4e5f\u9023 \u5e36\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u672c\u53ef\u56e0\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u7d93\u6fdf\u300d\u898f\u6a21\u64f4\u5927\u800c\u6210\u9577\u7684\u5546\u696d\u300c\u670d\u52d9\u90e8\u9580\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u88ab\u660e\u671d\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u7279\u8cea\u6240\u9023\u7d2f\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u63d0\u4f9b\u5546\u696d\u4ea4\u6613\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u670d\u52d9\u90e8\u9580\uff0c\u53c8 \u5728\u5728\u9700\u8981\u300c\u6b63\u5f0f\u7acb\u6cd5\u6216\u985e\u4f3c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u300d\u624d\u80fd\u7a69\u5b9a\u652f\u6490\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u5c0f\u8859\u9580\u5b98\u50da\u53c8\u53d7\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u9650\u5236\u800c\u300c\u7121\u610f\u66ff\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u7d93\u71df\u8457\u60f3\u300d\uff0c\u9069\u61c9\u5546\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6539\u9769\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u9032\u5165 \u660e\u671d\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u660e\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u6c11\u9593\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u540c\u6642\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5546\u696d\u670d\u52d9\u90e8\u9580\u7684\u6210\u9577\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672a\u80fd\u56e0\u61c9\u5546\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u800c\u6709\u6548\u5275\u65b0\uff0c\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u4e5f\u5f37\u8abf\u660e\u671d\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u6587\u5316\u300d\u89c0\u5ff5\u5f71\u97ff\uff1a\u300c\u6587\u5316\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u652f\u914d\u300d\u5f37\u58d3\u5728\u300c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5927\u800c\u7121\u7576\u800c\u53c8\u81ea\u7d66\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u7cfb\u7d71\u300d\u3002\u6d2a\u6b66\u578b\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5177\u9ad4\u800c\u5fae\u7684\u62bd\u6a23\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3001\u8207\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u4e09\u8005\u540c\u6642\u5f62\u69cb\u4e86\u660e\u4ee3\u505a\u70ba\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u5178\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\u5c0d\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u97ff\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff0c\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\u8207\u63cf\u7e6a\u3002\u5982\u8ad6\u53ca\u300c\u53e4\u602a\u7684\u6a21\u7bc4\u5b98\u50da\u300d\u6d77\u745e\u63d0\u5021\u8fb2\u6c11\u300c\u4e00\u6b78\u672c\u696d\uff0c\u529b\u8fd4\u771f\u7d14\u300d\u6642\uff0c\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u662f\uff1a\u300c\u5e0c\u5180\u4ee5\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u9818\u5c0e\u793e\u6703\u56de\u5fa9\u5230\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u548c\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u55ae\u7d14\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u548c\u6d2a\u6b66\u7687\u5e1d\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u7528\u6280\u8853\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u6276\u690d\u6c11\u773e\uff0c\u800c\u55ae\u7d14\u4f9d\u9760\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u4e8b\u8207\u9858\u9055\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\"> [17] <\/a>\u5728\u6279\u8a55\u6d77\u745e\u53ea\u80fd\u4ee5\u7a7a\u6d1e\u689d\u6587\u7981\u6b62\u6c11\u9593\u7576\u92ea\u9ad8\u5229\u8cb8\u525d\u524a\u8fb2\u6c11\u7121\u6cd5\u6536\u6548\u6642\uff0c\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u8aaa\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8ca8\u5e63\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u5546\u696d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u9019\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u9ad8\u5229\u8cb8\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u300d<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\"> [18] <\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u672c\u671d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u5c0d\u8fb2\u6c11\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u5546\u696d\u7684\u689d\u6587\u3002\u5408\u8cc7\u8cbf\u6613\u3001\u9055\u80cc\u5951\u7d04\u3001\u8ca0\u50b5\u3001\u7834\u7522\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u79c1\u4eba\u9593\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u800c\u8207\u516c\u773e\u798f\u7949\u7121\u95dc\u3002\u7acb\u6cd5\u7cbe\u795e\u65e2\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\u81ea\u7136\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u7f45\u6f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4f7f\u5546\u696d\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u2026\u2026\u672c\u671d\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u653f\u6cbb\u628a\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\u8996\u70ba\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7acb\u570b\u4ee5\u4f86\u7684\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u2026\u2026\u7121\u9700\u4e4e\u5546\u696d\u6a5f\u69cb\u4f86\u4f5c\u6280\u8853\u4e0a\u7684\u8f14\u52a9\u2026\u2026\u6276\u690d\u79c1\u4eba\u5546\u696d\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u5247\u7167\u4f8b\u4e0d\u5728\uff08\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\uff09\u8077\u8cac\u7bc4\u570d\u4e4b\u5167\u3002\u4f55\u6cc1\u5546\u696d\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u5982\u7167\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7522\u6b0a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u627f\u8a8d\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u6027\u3002\u9019\u7d55\u5c0d\u6027\u8d85\u904e\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u5c31\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u8207\u300a\u56db\u66f8\u300b\u6240\u5021\u5c0e\u7684\u5b97\u65e8\u76f8\u80cc\u3002\u6d77\u745e\u5728\u5224\u6c7a\u7591\u6848\u6642\u6240\u6301\u7684\u300c\u8207\u5176\u5c48\u5144\uff0c\u5be7\u5c48\u5176\u5f1f\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u4e5f\u986f\u793a\u4e86\u4ed6\u8f15\u8996\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5805\u6301\u7dad\u7e6b\u502b\u7406\u7db1\u5e38\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\"> [19] <\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9019\u6bb5\u9577\u5f15\u6587\u7a81\u986f\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u5c07\u300a\u56db\u66f8\u300b\u5112\u5bb6\u7d93\u5178\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u300c\u502b\u7406\u7db1\u5e38\u300d\u50b3\u7d71\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u8207\u300c\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u6027\u300d\u76f8\u4e92\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5247\u540c\u6642\u5448\u73fe\u4e86\u300c\u5546\u696d\u6a5f\u69cb\u3001\u7522\u6b0a\u6cd5\u3001\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u6027\u300d\u4e09\u9805\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u773c\uff0c\u5370\u8a3c\u672c\u6587\u7528\u4ee5\u62c6\u89e3\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u7684\u4e09\u7d44\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20\uff1a\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u7531\u660e\u5230\u6e05\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u8087\u56e0\u65bc\u7279\u6b8a\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u300d\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684 \u570b\u5bb6\u300d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7d93\u904e\u4e86\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u56e0\u61c9\u767d\u9280\u6d41\u901a\u7684\u300c\u4e00\u689d\u97ad\u6cd5\u300d\u6539\u9769\u3001\u9e7d\u5546\u4e5f\u56e0\u300c\u5546\u5c08\u8ce3\u300d\u7684\u7db1\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u800c\u5c0d\u660e\u6e05\u8ca1\u653f\u66f4\u5f62\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u96cd\u6b63\u5e74\u9593\u5927\u529b\u63a8\u884c\u7684\u300c\u706b\u8017\u6b78\u516c\u300d\uff0c\u5c71\u897f \u7968\u865f\u4e5f\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u65e5\u6f38\u6d3b\u8e8d\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u4ecd\u7136\u5f37\u8abf\uff1a\u9019\u4e9b\u73fe\u8c61\u8207\u6539\u9769\u90fd\u672a\u767c\u751f\u300c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u5287\u70c8\u7684\u6539\u9032\u300d\uff0c\u6d2a\u6b66\u578b\u8ca1\u653f\u9020\u6210\u300c\u7d44\u7e54\u8207\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u9ad4\u7cfb\u300d\u4ecd\u672a\u8f49 \u578b\uff0c\u660e\u6e05\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u4ecd\u672a\u5177\u6709\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u5408\u7406\u5316\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\"> [20] <\/a>\u76f4\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4ecd\u662f\u300c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e2d\u5c64\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u8207\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u4e2d\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u55ae\u7dda\u689d\u6578\u91cf\u4e0a\u7684\u64f4\u5145\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8cea\u91cf\u4e0a\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\"> [21] <\/a>\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u660e\u6e05\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u671f\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u672a\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u771f\u6b63\u80fd\u5920\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u7684\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u793e\u6703\u67b6\u69cb\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5728\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u660e\u6e05\u4e2d\u570b\u9072\u9072\u4e0d\u80fd\u9032\u5165\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u6797\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u5931\u6557\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7279\u5b9a\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u529f\u904e\u662f\u975e\uff0c\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\u3008\u81ea\u5e8f\u3009\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u5931\u6557\u300d\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7e3d\u7d50\uff1a\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u5169\u5343\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u4ee5\u9053\u5fb7\u4ee3\u66ff\u6cd5\u5236\uff0c\u81f3\u660e\u4ee3\u800c\u6975\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7665\u7d50\u3002\u5beb\u4f5c\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u91cd\u5728\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u4e00\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u62d9\u8457\u300a\u8ca1\u653f\u53f2\u300b\u4e2d\u5df2\u8087\u5176\u7aef\u2026\u2026\u66f8\u4e2d\u6240\u6558\uff0c\u4e0d\u59a8\u7a31\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5927\u5931\u6557\u7684\u7e3d\u8a18\u9304\u3002\uff08\u66f8\u4e2d\uff09\u6558\u53ca\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u2026\u2026\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u529f\u5fb7\u5713\u6eff\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u5074\u9762\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u2026\u2026\u4e5f\u7d71\u7d71\u6c92\u6709\u597d\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u65b7\u975e\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6240\u5f97\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7576\u65e5\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5df2\u81f3\u5c71\u7aae\u6c34\u76e1\uff0c\u4e0a\u81ea\u5929\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0b\u81f3\u5eb6\u6c11\uff0c\u7121\u4e0d\u6210\u70ba\u72a7\u7272\u54c1\u800c\u906d\u6b83\u53d7\u798d\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\"> [22] <\/a>\u6aa2\u8a0e\u9019\u6bb5\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u591a\u6b21\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u8981\u8df3\u812b\u4eba\u7269\u81e7\u5426\u8207\u8a55\u50f9\u7684\u300c\u9053\u5fb7\u300d\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u5f9e\u6280\u8853\u4e0a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u6b77\u53f2\u300d\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u8207\u300c\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u300d\u4e5f\u5c31\u6210\u70ba\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u53f2\u5b78\u7cbe\u83ef\u7684\u4e00\u9ad4\u4e4b\u5169\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u505a\u70ba\u7a81\u986f\u660e\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5c0d\u7167\u9805\uff0c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u5f8c\u82f1\u570b\u5373\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u5178\u578b\u3002\u57281689\u5e74\u5149\u69ae\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u82f1\u570b\u4e5f\u300c\u6709\u5982\u4e2d\u570b\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u9ad8\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\u8207\u4f4e\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\u540c\u6642\u8207\u6642\u4ee3\u812b\u7bc0\uff0c\u4e2d\u5c64\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5404\u7a2e\u652f\u6301\u56e0\u7d20\u90fd\u8981\u91cd\u5275\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\"> [23] <\/a>\u5149\u69ae\u9769\u547d\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u82f1\u570b\u539f\u5148\u300c\u82f1\u7687\u8207\u8b70\u6703\uff08parliament\uff09\u9593\u727d\u5f37\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u300d\uff0c\u9806\u5229\u6539\u9020\u4e86\u9ad8\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\uff1b\u8207\u6b64\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u5708\u5730\u904b\u52d5\u52a0\u901f\u571f\u5730\u8cb7\u8ce3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u65b0\u8208\u5730\u4e3b\u9818\u5c0e\u5167\u6230\u7372\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u9032\u5c55\uff0c\u8fb2\u6751\u4e5f\u767c\u751f\u300c\u571f\u5730\u7684\u9818\u6709\u96c6\u4e2d\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u898f\u5f8b\u5316\u300d\uff0c\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u300c\u4e0b\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e5f\u5fc5\u6709\u986f\u8457\u7684\u6539\u9032\u300d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5c64\u8207\u4e0b\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\u540c\u6642\u5f97\u5230\u6539\u9032\uff0c\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u65b0\u7a05\u5236\u7684\u5c55\u958b\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u516c\u5e73\u6cd5\uff08equity law\uff09\u8207\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\uff08common law\uff09\u5c0d\u6d41\u300d\uff0c\u5404\u7a2e\u6d89\u53ca\u300c\u5178\u7576\u9593\u6b7b\u7576\u6642\u501f\u65b9\u6b0a\u5229\u3001\u5973\u5b50\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u4fdd\u969c\u3001\u7834\u7522\u3001\u5408\u540c\u3001\u80a1\u4efd\u548c\u8239\u8236\u6240\u6709\u7684\u652f\u914d\u300d\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b3a\u8a50\u5167\u6d89\u53ca\u300c\u904e\u4efd\u7684\u65bd\u7528\u8a98\u5c0e\u529b\u300d \uff08undue influence\uff09\u539f\u5247\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u7a2e\u7a2e\u6d89\u53ca\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u7d42\u80fd\u300c\u7a4d\u5c11\u6210\u591a\u5730\u4ee5\u6210\u4f8b\u5275\u9020\u5236\u5ea6\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\"> [24] <\/a>\u9069\u7528\u5546\u696d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u65b7\u88ab\u5f15\u5165\u8207\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u7d44\u7e54\u7d44\u7e54\u7522\u751f\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u97ff\uff1a <a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\"><\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u5546\u696d\u6027\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u65bc\u8fb2\u696d\u793e\u6703\u88cf\u9762\u53bb\uff0c\u5c31\u5f15\u8d77\u8fb2\u696d\u7684\u8cc7\u91d1\u8207\u5de5\u5546\u696d\u7684\u8cc7\u91d1\u5c0d\u6d41\uff0c\u6ff1\u6d77\u8207\u5167\u5730\u878d\u7d50\u70ba\u4e00\uff0c\u751f\u7522\u8207\u92b7\u552e\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u7e2e\u77ed\u3002\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5fb5\u8c61\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u300c\u571f\u5730\u9280\u884c\u300d\uff08land banks\uff09\u7d1b\u7d1b\u7d44\u6210\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5e0c\u671b\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ecd\u80fd\u539f\u5c01\u4e0d\u52d5\u7684\u4fdd\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u7530\u571f\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5373\u4ee5\u9019\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u4f5c\u4fe1\u7528\u7684\u6839\u672c\uff0c\u7372\u5f97\u73fe\u91d1\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u7d44\u7e54\u4e0d\u826f\uff0c\u6c42\u529f\u5fc3\u5207\uff0c\u53c8\u7d1b\u7d1b\u5931\u6557\u3002\u9084\u8981\u518d\u7b49\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u932f\u8aa4\u624d\u88ab\u66f4\u6b63\u3002\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u671f\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u862d\u548c\u8607\u683c\u862d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u9280\u884c\u3001\u9109\u6751\u9280\u884c\u624d\u5982\u96e8\u5f8c\u6625\u7b4d\u6a23\u7684\u986f\u9732\u982d\u89d2\uff0c\u5728\u502b\u6566\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u79c1\u4eba\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u5c0f\u9280\u884c\u51fa\u73fe\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u4fe1\u7528\u8ca8\u5e63\u4e0d\u50c5\u81a8\u6f32\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5168\u570b\u6027\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\"> [25] <\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u4fdd\u96aa\u516c\u53f8\u4e5f\u5728\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u5e74\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u502b\u6566\u9010\u6d89\u6210\u7acb\u8207\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u300c\u8c61\u5fb5\u4e86\u82f1\u570b\u91d1\u878d\u8ca1\u653f\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u6210\u719f\u3002\u6b64\u5f8c\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u4e0d\u50c5\u8d85\u904e\u8377\u862d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6210\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u6700\u5148\u9032\uff0c\u57f7\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u725b\u8033\u9054\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4e4b\u4e45\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\"> [26] <\/a>\u9019\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u5177\u9ad4\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u5e74\u4ee5\u5f8c\u82f1\u570b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u8207\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u9593\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u885d\u64ca\u8207\u5f7c\u6b64\u652f\u6490\uff0c\u4f7f\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6210\u70ba\u300c\u4e00\u7a2e\u7d44\u7e54\u548c\u4e00\u7a2e\u904b\u52d5\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\"> [27] <\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u4ee51689\u5e74\u82f1\u570b\u5149\u69ae\u9769\u547d\u70ba\u5177\u9ad4\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d44\u7e54\u548c\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u53c8\u6709\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u82f1\u570b\u300c\u601d\u60f3\u754c\u7684\u652f\u6301\u300d\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5167\u6230\u524d\u5f8c\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6563\u767c\u653f\u6cbb\u50b3\u55ae\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u8457\u4f5c\u5c08\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u90fd\u8207\u6642\u5c40\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u7576\u65e5\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u63a8\u884c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u9023\u7db4\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u5247\u75d5\u8ff9\u986f\u7136\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\u5f97\u9019\u7a2e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u8207\u904b\u52d5\u4e4b\u7a31\u70ba\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u601d\u60f3\u754c\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u524d\u4eba\u9818\u5c0e\u5f8c\u4eba\uff0c\u5f8c\u4eba\u53c8\u64f4\u5145\u524d\u4eba\u7684\u898b\u89e3\uff0c\u4e00\u8108\u76f8\u627f\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\"> [28] <\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u8207\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e09\u8005\u540c\u6642\u6ed9\u5408\u6e4a\u96c6\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6490\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u4eba\u985e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u300c\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u793e\u6703\u67b6\u69cb\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u9019\u6b63\u662f\u9996\u5148\u5b8c\u6574\u767c\u751f\u65bc\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u7e3d\u7d50\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u5e74\u82f1\u570b\u6210\u529f\u300c\u9032\u5165\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u63d0\u9192\u8b80\u8005\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u9ede\uff1a\u4e00\uff0c\u300c\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u6280\u8853\u89d2\u5ea6\uff08\u4e0d\u4ee5\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4f5c\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\uff09\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u5916\u4e00\u7a2e\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u6709\u5982\u4e9e\u7576\u2027\u65af\u5bc6\uff08Adam Smith\uff09\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u65bd\u7528\u300e\u5546\u696d\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u300f\uff08system of commerce\uff09\u300e\u53bb\u589e\u9032\u570b\u6c11\u7684\u8ca1\u5bcc\u300f\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5927\u524d\u63d0\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u671f\u800c\u7136\u7684\u5305\u6db5\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5404\u4eba\u300e\u6709\u8b58\u898b\u7684\u79c1\u5229\u89c0\u300f\uff08enlightened self-interest\uff09\uff0c\u5018\u975e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5176\u4e0b\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\u5c31\u7d44\u7e54\u4e0d\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u61c9\u6709\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u5728\u516c\u773e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u767c\u751f\u9f90\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u90fd\u6210\u70ba\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\u300d\u3002\u4e8c\uff0c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u5e74\u82f1\u570b\u300c\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u8fb2\u696d\u57fa\u790e\u4e26\u4e14\u6cd5\u5236\u50b3\u7d71\u5805\u5f37\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u7adf\u80fd\u4f7f\u5168\u570b\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u6578\u5b57\u5316\uff0c\u9996\u5c3e\u76f8\u61c9\uff0c\u6709\u5982\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5be6\u5728\u662f\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u300d\u3002\u4e09\uff0c\u300c\u5728\u82f1\u570b\uff0c\u4e00\u516d\u516b\u4e5d\u5e74\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u3002\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u6642\u9593\u4e0a\u532f\u96c6\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u5247\u96f6\u661f\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u69cb\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u8a00\u4e4b\u6709\u7269\uff0c\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u66f8\u4e0a\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u8173\u6839\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\"> [29] <\/a> <a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u900f\u904e\u4ed6\u5c0d\u660e\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u8207\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u82f1\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u8207\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u637b\u51fa\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u9019\u7d44\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e26\u5927\u529b\u5ba3\u63da\u5f9e\u4e2d\u5f15\u7533\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u300c\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u7d44\u6982\u5ff5\u65e2\u51fa\u81ea\u4ed6\u500b\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u6b77\u53f2\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u7406\u667a\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e36\u6709\u7c72\u8acb\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u570b\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u6709\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u60c5\u611f\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u6b77\u53f2\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u79d1\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u5c0d\u4eba\u7fa4\u505a\u51fa\u300c\u8ca2\u737b\u300d\uff1f\u90a3\u95dc\u9023\u5230\u66f4\u70ba\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u50f9\u503c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7121\u6cd5\u8655\u7406\uff0c\u6b64\u8655\u53ea\u80fd\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u4ee5\u73fe\u6709\u660e\u6e05\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u8ad6\uff0c\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5426\u771f\u80fd\u8cbc\u5207\u8aaa\u660e\u773e\u591a\u660e\u6e05\u53f2\u5b78\u8005\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\u300c\u53f2\u5be6\u300d\uff1f\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u660e\u6e05\u5e02\u5834\u8207\u653f\u5e9c\u95dc\u4fc2\u6642\uff0c\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u6d1e\u898b\u6216\u662f\u9650\u5236\uff1f<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u7684\u6d1e\u898b\u8207\u9650\u5236<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5c31\u6211\u500b\u4eba\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u50c5\u4ee5\u5341\u516d\u3001\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u660e\u6e05\u6642\u4ee3\u9019\u5169\u767e\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u78ba\u5be6\u5177\u6709\u82e5\u5e72\u6d1e\u898b\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u6bd4\u8f03\u6709\u6548\u5730\u9ede\u51fa\u7576\u6642\u4e2d\u570b\u7f3a\u4e4f\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u300d\u4e09\u8005\u9593\u300c\u6ce8\u91cd\u52a0\u901f\u4ea4\u63db\uff08exchange\uff09\u300d\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\u8207\u652f\u6490\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u662f\u7576\u6642\u4e2d\u570b\u5e02\u5834\u8207\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u50c5\u662f\u85c9\u7531\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u300d\u4f86\u9023\u7e6b\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5546\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u6216\u662f\u7522\u6b0a\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u5728\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u5f8c\u4e2d\u570b\u5373\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u53ef\u8aaa\uff1b\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u7576\u7136\u53ef\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6587\u5b57\u8cb6\u6291\u9019\u4e9b\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a\u300c\u597d\u591a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u4f5c\u5bb6\u627e\u5230\u660e\u672b\u6e05\u521d\u6709\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u767c\u8868\u5076\u723e\u767c\u8868\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u63d0\u53ca\u7d93\u6fdf\u653f\u7b56\u61c9\u8a72\u7a0d\u5fae\u958b\u653e\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u4e0d\u53ef\u5168\u90e8\u62b9\u6bba\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u79c1\u5229\u7121\u6cd5\u6d17\u5237\u5f97\u4e00\u4e7e\u4e8c\u6de8\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u540c\u6642\u7684\u9769\u547d\u601d\u60f3\u76f8\u6bd4\u64ec\u300d\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\"> [30] <\/a>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300c\u9769\u547d\u601d\u60f3\u300d\u662f\u5426\u4fbf\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u50b3\u7d71\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u5ff5\u300d\u5462\uff1f\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u660e\u671d\u6ce8\u91cb\u5f8b\u4f8b\u540d\u5bb6\u738b\u80af\u5802\uff081549-1613\uff09\uff0c\u5c0d\u7576\u6642\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d6\u6d88\u5c07\u89aa\u5c6c\u9593\u59d4\u8a17\u653e\u7f6e\u8ca1\u7269\u300c\u6309\u670d\u5236\u6e1b\u7f6a\u300d\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\uff0c\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8a55\u8ad6\uff1a\u300c\u5bc4\u8a17\u8ca1\u755c\uff0c\u591a\u4fc2\u89aa\u5c6c\uff0c\u82e5\u4ee5\u670d\u5236\u6e1b\u7f6a\uff0c\u5247\u8ca0\u8005\u773e\u77e3\u3002\u6545\u8207\u51e1\u4eba\u4e00\u9ad4\u79d1\u4e4b\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref32\"> [31] <\/a>\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5076\u723e\u767c\u8868\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5177\u9ad4\u4fee\u6539\u6cd5\u689d\u5f8c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89e3\u91cb\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref32\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5341\u516b\u81f3\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u5169\u767e\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u6e05\u4ee3\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u300d\u4e09\u8005\u9593\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u591a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6392\u9664\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u5f8c\u534a\u897f\u65b9\u52e2\u529b\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff0c1700\u81f31850\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u4e2d\u570b\u5168\u570b\u5e02\u5834\u898f\u6a21\u6025\u901f\u64f4\u5927\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn33\" name=\"_ftnref33\"> [32] <\/a>\u5546\u4eba\u7d50\u6210\u5546\u5e6b\u7a2e\u985e\u8207\u7d2f\u7a4d\u8cc7\u672c\u898f\u6a21\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65b7\u589e\u591a\u8207\u52a0\u5927\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn34\" name=\"_ftnref34\"> [33] <\/a>\u91d1\u878d\u6a5f\u69cb\u53ca\u5176\u767c\u884c\u7684\u9322\u7968\u3001\u9280\u7968\u7b49\u300c\u79c1\u7968\u300d\u4e5f\u6709\u9245\u5e45\u6210\u9577\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn35\" name=\"_ftnref35\"> [34] <\/a>\u5177\u6709\u964d\u4f4e\u4ea4\u6613\u6210\u672c\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u5718\u9ad4\u4e5f\u5728\u5404\u5927\u57ce\u93ae\u4e0d\u65b7\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn36\" name=\"_ftnref36\"> [35] <\/a>\u9019\u4e9b\u662f\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u5404\u7a2e\u6ce8\u91cb\u5f8b\u5b78\u6301\u7e8c\u7de8\u8f2f\u8207\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u5b98\u54e1\u5b78\u7fd2\u6cd5\u5f8b\u751a\u81f3\u5224\u6848\u53c3\u8003\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn37\" name=\"_ftnref37\"> [36] <\/a>\u5927\u6279\u7fd2\u6cd5\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u300c\u5211\u540d\u5e2b\u723a\u300d\u66f4\u5be6\u969b\u6210\u70ba\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u7406\u8a1f\u5224\u6848\u6642\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u5e55\u50da\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn38\" name=\"_ftnref38\"> [37] <\/a> <a href=\"#_ftn33\" name=\"_ftnref33\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn34\" name=\"_ftnref34\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn35\" name=\"_ftnref35\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn36\" name=\"_ftnref36\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn37\" name=\"_ftnref37\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn38\" name=\"_ftnref38\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u96a8\u8457\u5341\u516d\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u9593\u660e\u6e05\u5e02\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u5730\u5340\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u5546\u4eba\u8207\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u54e1\u90fd\u66fe\u7d93\u9762\u5c0d\u5546\u696d\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u65b0\u6311\u6230\u7522\u751f\u67d0\u4e9b\u5236\u5ea6\u5275\u65b0\u3002\u81ea\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u53f2\u6599\u8a18\u8f09\u7684\u5ba2\u5546\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u591a\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u5982\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u6240\u89c0\u5bdf\u7684\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u5f62\u662f\u300c\u591a\u6578\u5ba2\u5546\u96c6\u8cc7\u5408\u96c7\u4e00\u8239\u300d\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u7576\u6642\u4ea4\u901a\u3001\u901a\u8a0a\u8a2d\u65bd\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn39\" name=\"_ftnref39\"> [38] <\/a>\u4f46\u96a8\u8457\u5404\u7a2e\u65c5\u9014\u9047\u76dc\u4ee5\u53ca\u672c\u5730\u7259\u884c\u4ef2\u4ecb\u5546\u4eba\u6b3a\u9a19\u5916\u4f86\u5ba2\u5546\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u589e\u591a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u54e1\u8207\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u90fd\u958b\u59cb\u6b63\u8996\u9019\u7a2e\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u66f4\u7a4d\u6975\u5730\u63d0\u4f9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5354\u52a9\u3002\u4e7e\u9686\u521d\u5e74\u76841740\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6c5f\u897f\u7701\u7d1a\u5b98\u54e1\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e86\u300c\u5408\u540c\u806f\u7968\u300d\u4fdd\u8b77\u5ba2\u5546\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u5b89\u5168\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u70ba\u8a2d\u7acb\u884c\u5e97\u806f\u7968\u4e4b\u6cd5\u3001\u4ee5\u675c\u4fb5\u9a19\u3001\u4ee5\u6064\u5546\u8cc8\u4e8b\u3002\u7167\u5f97\uff1a\u4e00\u61c9\u5ba2\u5546\u8f09\u8ca8\u6295\u884c\u3001\u6191\u7259\u767c\u5e97\u3001\u8a55\u50f9\u6b78\u8cec\uff0c\u7686\u85c9\u7259\u884c\u4e8e\u4e2d\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u5ba2\u4eba\u8207\u5e97\u5bb6\uff0c\u5225\u7121\u57f7\u64da\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e0d\u6cd5\u7259\u884c\u5f80\u5f80\u4fb5\u541e\u5ba2\u672c\u3001\u8cbd\u7d2f\u5ba2\u5546\u3002\u4eca\u672c\u53f8\u7279\u7acb\u806f\u7968\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8a73\u5949\u64ab\u61b2\uff0c\u901a\u9812\u5404\u5c6c\u2026\u2026\u55e3\u5f8c\uff0c\u5404\u884c\u7167\u5f0f\u8a2d\u7acb\u5408\u540c\u806f\u7968\uff0c\u51e1\u5ba2\u8ca8\u5230\u884c\uff0c\u884c\u5bb6\u4ee3\u70ba\u767c\u5e97\u5f8c\uff0c\u5373\u5c07\u5ba2\u8ca8\u82e5\u5e72\u3001\u8b70\u50f9\u82e5\u5e72\uff0c\u4e2d\u7528\u672c\u5ba2\u3001\u672c\u5e97\u5716\u8a18\u82b1\u62bc\uff0c\u5c07\u806f\u7968\u88c1\u5206\uff0c\u4e00\u4ed8\u672c\u5ba2\u6536\u57f7\uff0c\u4e00\u5b58\u672c\u5e97\u67e5\u5c0d\u3002\u81f3\u65e5\u6e05\u8cec\uff0c\u5e97\u5bb6\u5408\u7968\u767c\u9280\uff0c\u5982\u7121\u5408\u540c\u5c0d\u9a57\uff0c\u5e97\u5bb6\u6982\u4e0d\u8a31\u767c\u9280\uff1b\u5982\u6709\u7121\u7968\u79c1\u7d66\u8005\uff0c\u6982\u4e0d\u4f5c\u6e96\uff0c\u4ecd\u7167\u5ba2\u57f7\u806f\u7968\u6e05\u8ffd\u5176\u9280\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn40\" name=\"_ftnref40\"> [39] <\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9019\u7a2e\u5b98\u54e1\u4e3b\u52d5\u4ecb\u5165\u9810\u9632\u5546\u696d\u50b5\u52d9\u7cfe\u7d1b\u7684\u4f5c\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7576\u6642\u7279\u4f8b\u3002\u300c\u91cd\u8fb2\u6291\u5546\u300d\u7b49\u89c0\u5ff5\u56fa\u7136\u4f9d\u820a\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u7576\u65e5\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5224\u6c7a\u5546\u696d\u7cfe\u7d1b\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u6848\u4f8b\u770b\u4f86\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn41\" name=\"_ftnref41\"> [40] <\/a>\u300c\u6291\u5546\u300d\u4e91\u4e91\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u904e\u5ea6\u8f15\u7387\u7684\u63a8\u60f3\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn42\" name=\"_ftnref42\"> [41] <\/a>\u6848\u4ef6\u610f\u898b\u66f8\uff08\u300c\u8aaa\u5e16\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u660e\u986f\u770b\u5230\u7576\u6642\u6cd5\u5f8b\u523b\u610f\u52a0\u91cd\u8655\u7f70\u904b\u8f38\u696d\u8005\u5077\u76dc\u5ba2\u5546\u8ca1\u7269\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u70ba\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u5ba2\u5546\u6295\u884c\u96c7\u592b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8cb2\u7269\uff0c\u6089\u4ea4\u904b\u9001\uff0c\u5373\u8207\u5e97\u5bb6\u3001\u8239\u6236\u70ba\u5ba2\u9014\u6240\u4f9d\u8cf4\u8005\uff0c\u60c5\u4e8b\u7121\u7570\u3002\u4e00\u88ab\u62d0\u6311\uff0c\u5247\u8840\u672c\u7f44\u76e1\uff0c\u9032\u9000\u7121\u9580\uff0c\u5176\u60c5\u7bc0\u8f03\u4e4b\u5c0b\u5e38\u9f20\u7aca\u70ba\u53ef\u60e1\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u5404\u7701\u6709\u56e0\u70ba\u5bb3\u5546\u65c5\u5373\u7167\u5be6\u72af\u3008\u7aca\u76dc\u3009\u5f8b\u5b9a\u64ec\u8005\u3002\u901a\u67e5\u5f59\u6838\uff0c\u8a73\u52a0\u53c3\u914c\uff0c\u4f3c\u61c9\u4ee5\u8173\u592b\u6311\u8ca0\u904b\u9001\u5ba2\u6c11\u884c\u674e\u8ca1\u7269\u4e2d\u9014\u6f5b\u9003\u3001\u8d13\u81f3\u903e\u8cab\u3001\u5be6\u4fc2\u70ba\u5bb3\u5546\u65c5\u8005\uff0c\u4ff1\u7167\u3008\u7aca\u76dc\u3009\u6cbb\u7f6a\u3002\u82e5\u975e\u884c\u8def\u5ba2\u5546\uff0c\u6b62\u4fc2\u8a17\u5e36\u9280\u4fe1\u3001\u5bc4\u9001\u8ca8\u7269\u3001\u81f4\u88ab\u62d0\u9003\u8005\uff0c\u6089\u7167\u3008\u62d0\u9003\u3009\u5f8b\u79d1\u65b7\u3002\u8b39\u5177\u8aaa\u5e16\uff0c\u5019\u793a\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn43\" name=\"_ftnref43\"> [42] <\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u4e7e\u968634\u5e74\uff081769\uff09\u56e0\u70ba\u5317\u4eac\u300c\u8208\u9686\u7576\u92ea\u300d\u5931\u706b\u6bc1\u640d\u5178\u7576\u4eba\u8ca1\u7269\u6848\u4ef6\u800c\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65b0\u5275\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u51e1\u5178\u5546\u6536\u7576\u8ca8\u7269\u3001\u81ea\u884c\u5931\u706b\u71d2\u71ec\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u503c\u5341\u7576\u4e94\uff0c\u7167\u539f\u5178\u50f9\u503c\u8a08\u7b97\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u51c6\u6578\uff1b\u9130\u706b\u5ef6\u71d2\u8005\uff0c\u914c\u6e1b\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\uff1b\u6309\u6708\u6263\u9664\u5229\u606f\uff0c\u7167\u6578\u8ce0\u511f\u3002\u5176\u7c73\u9ea5\u8c46\u77f3\u3001\u68c9\u82b1\u7b49\u9ea4\u91cd\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u5178\u7576\u4e00\u5e74\u70ba\u6eff\u8005\uff0c\u7d71\u4e00\u8cab\u4e09\u8a08\u7b97\uff0c\u7167\u539f\u5178\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u7d66\u9084\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\uff1b\u9130\u706b\u5ef6\u71d2\u8005\uff0c\u6e1b\u53bb\u539f\u5178\u50f9\u503c\u4e8c\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u6e1b\u8cf8\u516b\u5206\u4e4b\u6578\uff0c\u7d66\u9084\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\uff1b\u5747\u4e0d\u6263\u9664\u5229\u606f\u3002\u81f3\u67d3\u92ea\u88ab\u711a\uff0c\u5373\u8457\u958b\u55ae\u5448\u5831\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\uff0c\u9010\u4e00\u4f30\u8a08\uff0c\u5982\u4fc2\u81ea\u884c\u5931\u706b\u8005\uff0c\u98ed\u4ee4\u7167\u4f30\u8ce0\u9084\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e94\uff1b\u9130\u706b\u5ef6\u71d2\u8005\uff0c\u98ed\u8ce0\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u3002\u5747\u65bc\u4e00\u6708\u5167\u7d66\u4e3b\u5177\u9818\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn44\" name=\"_ftnref44\"> [43] <\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9019\u662f\u7531\u7576\u92ea\u800c\u9069\u7528\u67d3\u92ea\u7684\u65b0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u6574\u9ad4\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u7531\u5341\u516d\u5230\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u7259\u884c\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn45\" name=\"_ftnref45\"> [44] <\/a>\u5e02\u5834\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5\u898f\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn46\" name=\"_ftnref46\"> [45] <\/a>\u56db\u5ddd\u81ea\u8ca2\u4e95\u9e7d\u696d\u4e2d\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u5408\u8cc7\u958b\u7926\u8cc7\u672c\u5206\u5272\u3001\u9802\u8b93\u8207\u627f\u63a5\u7684\u300c\u80a1\u4efd\u5316\u300d\u5951\u7d04\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn47\" name=\"_ftnref47\"> [46] <\/a>\u4e43\u81f3\u524d\u8ff0\u6703\u9928\u3001\u516c\u6240\u5546\u4eba\u5718\u9ad4\u4ee5\u53ca\u7968\u865f\u3001\u9322\u838a\u7b49\u91d1\u878d\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u7576\u6642\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u5728\u7576\u6642\u7684\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300d\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u7684\u78ba\u7522\u751f\u8a31\u591a\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5275\u65b0\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u73fe\u8c61\u4e0d\u662f\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u4e00\u53e5\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6216\u662f\u300c\u6ce8\u91cd\u51e1\u4e8b\u7dad\u6301\u820a\u6709\u7684\u5747\u8861\u300d\u5373\u53ef\u8f15\u6613\u6982\u62ec\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9664\u4e86\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u795e\u8056\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u300d\u7b49\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u660e\u6e05\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u78ba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53ef\u8207\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6b50\u6d32\u76f8\u6bd4\u64ec\u7684\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u5145\u4efd\u53cd\u6620\u9019\u4e9b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u7522\u6b0a\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u6c11\u5546\u6cd5\u5178\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u7834\u7522\u6cd5\u3001\u7968\u64da\u6cd5\u3001\u6d77\u5546\u6cd5\u3001\u4fdd\u96aa\u6cd5\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u6e05\u672b\u624d\u7531\u897f\u65b9\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u5f15\u4ecb\u79fb\u6b96\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn48\" name=\"_ftnref48\"> [47] <\/a>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u4e2d\u570b\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u6210\u5957\u7684\u5546\u696d\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5373\u662f\u8868\u793a\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u554f\u984c\u672a\u56e0\u5e02\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u800c\u9032\u5165\u53f8\u6cd5\u9ad4\u7cfb\u6216\u662f\u516c\u5171\u610f\u898b\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u570d\u7e5e\u8457\u5bcc\u4eba\u6216\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u8ca1\u7522\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u660e\u6e05\u6642\u671f\u4e5f\u51fa\u73fe\u904e\u4e0d\u5c11\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8207\u722d\u8faf\u3002\u4ee5\u6e05\u521d\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u9b4f\u79a7\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5373\u66fe\u5c0d\u53ef\u5426\u5c07\u5bcc\u4eba\u7530\u7522\u8ab2\u5fb5\u985e\u4f3c\u300c\u7d2f\u9032\u7a05\u300d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8207\u5e7e\u4f4d\u597d\u53cb\u767c\u751f\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u722d\u8faf\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u4e88\u8983\u601d\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u4f5c\u9650\u7530\u4e09\u7bc7\uff0c\u5176\u6cd5\uff1a\u4e00\u592b\u767e\u77f3\uff0c\u6b62\u51fa\u5341\u4e00\u6b63\u8ce6\uff0c\u904e\u767e\u77f3\u8005\uff0c\u7b49\u800c\u4e0a\u4e4b\uff0c\u52a0\u4ee5\u96dc\u5dee\u3002\u82e5\u7530\u591a\u8005\u8ce3\u8207\u7121\u7530\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u5206\u6388\u5b50\u5b6b\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u767e\u77f3\uff0c\u5247\u4ecd\u6b62\u51fa\u6b63\u8ce6\u3002\u662f\u540c\u6b64\u7530\u4e5f\uff0c\u8ca7\u8005\u5f97\u4e4b\u5247\u8ce6\u8f15\uff0c\u5bcc\u8005\u5f97\u4e4b\u5247\u8ce6\u91cd\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9a45\u5bcc\u6c11\u8ce4\u8ce3\uff0c\u800c\u7530\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5747\u800c\u53ef\u5747\u77e3\u3002\u79c1\u8b02\u4e09\u4ee3\u4ee5\u5f8c\u6700\u70ba\u5584\u6cd5\uff0c\u8cea\u8af8\u541b\u5b50\uff0c\u4ea6\u7686\u6b4e\u670d\u3002\u7368\u5bb6\u4f2f\u5b50\u4ee5\u70ba\u4e0d\u53ef\uff0c\u8b02\u82df\u884c\u6b64\u6cd5\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u5fc5\u81ea\u6b64\u591a\u4e8b\uff1b\u5f8c\u4e16\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u4e82\uff0c\u6b62\u5728\u5b98\u5e9c\u7e09\u7d33\u8caa\u6b98\uff0c\u6c11\u4e0d\u804a\u751f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4fc2\u5bcc\u4eba\u7530\u591a\u3001\u8ca7\u6c11\u7121\u7530\uff0c\u82df\u5211\u653f\u5f97\u7406\uff0c\u6c11\u81ea\u6a02\u696d\uff0c\u4f55\u5fc5\u7d1b\u7d1b\u70ba\u6b64\u4e5f\u3002\u6d59\u6c5f\u79c0\u6c34\u66f9\u4f8d\u90ce\uff08\u539f\u8a3b\uff1a\u540d\u6eb6\uff0c\u865f\u79cb\u5cb3\uff09\u5247\u8b02\uff1a\u6b64\u6cd5\u8b70\u4e4b\u5357\u65b9\u5c24\u53ef\uff0c\u82e5\u5317\u65b9\u8ca7\u6c11\u50ad\u7530\u8005\u7686\u4ef0\u7d66\u725b\u7a2e\u8863\u98df\u4e8e\u591a\u7530\u4e4b\u5bcc\u6236\uff0c\u4eca\u5373\u6bcf\u592b\u5206\u4ee5\u767e\u755d\uff0c\u8015\u4f5c\u6240\u9808\uff0c\u8272\u8272\u4ea1\u6709\uff0c\u7530\u6f38\u8352\u800c\u8ce6\u4e0d\u53ef\u6e1b\uff0c\u6578\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u9003\u4ea1\uff0c\u6cc1\u671b\u5176\u4ee5\u8ce4\u50f9\u8cb7\u8af8\u5bcc\u6c11\u4e4e\uff1f\u965d\u897f\u6d87\u967d\u694a\u862d\u4f69\uff08\u539f\u8a3b\uff1a\u540d\u654f\u82b3\uff09\u5247\u8b02\uff1a\u7530\u8ce6\u500f\u8f15\u500f\u91cd\uff0c\u671d\u7121\u6210\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b98\u7121\u5b9a\u898f\uff0c\u540f\u56e0\u4f5c\u5978\uff0c\u6c11\u591a\u544a\u8a10\uff0c\u975e\u5929\u4e0b\u7e23\u5b98\u4eba\u4eba\u8ce2\u80fd\u5247\u64fe\u4e82\u65b9\u59cb\u77e3\u3002\u4e88\u4ee5\u4e09\u541b\u8a00\uff0c\u53cd\u8986\u601d\u7d22\uff0c\u51e1\u6578\u591c\u4e0d\u5bd0\uff0c\u4e43\u711a\u5176\u7a3f\u3002\u56e0\u7b46\u8a18\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u898b\u8b8a\u6cd5\u4e4b\u96e3\u70ba\uff0c\u7368\u898b\u4e4b\u96e3\u4efb\uff0c\u4eba\u7576\u570b\u4e8b\uff0c\u5207\u4e0d\u53ef\u8f15\u8a66\u7d1b\u66f4\u4e5f\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn49\" name=\"_ftnref49\"> [48] <\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9019\u5834\u5341\u4e03\u3001\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5c0f\u8ad6\u8faf\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u4f86\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u660e\u672b\u6e05\u521d\u6709\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u767c\u8868\u5076\u723e\u767c\u8868\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u9b4f\u79a7\u300c\u4ee5\u4e09\u541b\u8a00\uff0c\u53cd\u8986\u601d\u7d22\uff0c\u51e1\u6578\u591c\u4e0d\u5bd0\uff0c\u4e43\u711a\u5176\u7a3f\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u771f\u614b\u5ea6\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\uff0c\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5f8c\u9762\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u300c\u4fdd\u5bcc\u300d\u89c0\u5ff5\u5247\u66f4\u5e36\u6709\u666e\u904d\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u8a72\u6587\u7de8\u8f2f\u8005\u5f35\u6f6e\uff0c\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u5f8c\u9762\u52a0\u4e0a\u5982\u4e0b\u6309\u8a9e\uff1a\u300c\u5bcc\u6c11\u4e4b\u7530\uff0c\u975e\u7531\u6518\u596a\u53ca\u8ce4\u50f9\u800c\u5f97\uff0c\u4eca\u52d2\u8ca7\u6c11\u8cb7\u7530\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u7530\u50f9\u5f9e\u4f55\u51fa\uff1f\u6050\u8ca7\u8005\u672a\u5fc5\u5bcc\u800c\u5bcc\u8005\u5df2\u5148\u8ca7\u77e3\u3002\u5927\u62b5\u7576\u4eca\u6cbb\u9053\uff0c\u60df\u5b9c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5bcc\u6c11\u70ba\u6025\u52d9\uff0c\u84cb\u4e00\u5bcc\u6c11\u80fd\u990a\u5343\u767e\u8ca7\u6c11\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u6240\u5b88\u7d04\u800c\u6240\u65bd\u751a\u535a\u4e5f\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn50\" name=\"_ftnref50\"> [49] <\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u300c\u4fdd\u5bcc\u300d\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u5f8c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u77e5\u540d\u5e55\u53cb\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c08\u5bb6\u6c6a\u8f1d\u7956\uff081730-1807\uff09\u4e5f\u5c0d\u300c\u4fdd\u5bcc\u300d\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0b\u9762\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a\u300c\u85cf\u5bcc\u65bc\u6c11\uff0c\u975e\u5c08\u70ba\u6c11\u8a08\u4e5f\u3002\u6c34\u65f1\u620e\u5f79\uff0c\u975e\u8ca1\u4e0d\u53ef\u3002\u9577\u6c11\u8005\uff0c\u4fdd\u5bcc\u6709\u7d20\u2026\u2026\u800c\u4e8b\u7121\u4e0d\u6fdf\u77e3\u3002\u4e14\u5bcc\u4eba\u8005\uff0c\u8ca7\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ef0\u7d66\u4e5f\u3002\u9091\u6709\u5bcc\u6236\uff0c\u51e1\u81ea\u98df\u5176\u529b\u8005\uff0c\u7686\u53ef\u85c9\u4ee5\u8cc7\u751f\u3002\u81f3\u5bcc\u8005\u8ca7\uff0c\u800c\u8ca7\u8005\u76ca\u7121\u4ee5\u70ba\u696d\uff0c\u9069\u6709\u516c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5fc5\u591a\u6897\u6cbb\u4e4b\u60a3\u3002\u6545\u4fdd\u5bcc\uff0c\u662f\u70ba\u6cbb\u8981\u9053\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn51\" name=\"_ftnref51\"> [50] <\/a>\u4e0d\u50c5\u5b98\u54e1\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u8ac7\u300c\u4fdd\u5bcc\u300d\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u96cd\u6b63\u7687\u5e1d\u4e5f\u5c0d\u5bcc\u4eba\u4f55\u4ee5\u64c1\u6709\u773e\u591a\u7530\u7522\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300c\u89e3\u91cb\u300d\uff1a<a href=\"#_ftn51\" name=\"_ftnref51\"><\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u81ea\u53e4\u8ca7\u5bcc\u4e0d\u9f4a\uff0c\u4e43\u7269\u4e4b\u60c5\u4e5f\u3002\u51e1\u4eba\u80fd\u52e4\u5109\u7bc0\u7701\u3001\u7a4d\u7d2f\u6210\u5bb6\uff0c\u5247\u8ca7\u8005\u53ef\u5bcc\uff1b\u82e5\u6e38\u60f0\u4f88\u6c70\u3001\u8017\u6563\u6557\u696d\uff0c\u5247\u5bcc\u8005\u4ea6\u8ca7\u3002\u5bcc\u6236\u4e4b\u6536\u4f75\u7530\u7522\uff0c\u5be6\u7531\u8ca7\u6c11\u4e4b\u81ea\u81f4\u7a98\u8feb\u3001\u552e\u7530\u7522\u65bc\u5bcc\u6236\u4e5f\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn52\" name=\"_ftnref52\"> [51] <\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u9664\u4e86\u300c\u4fdd\u5bcc\u300d\u89c0\u5ff5\u5916\uff0c\u660e\u6e05\u5b98\u54e1\u8207\u5546\u4eba\u9593\u9010\u6f38\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u300c\u58eb\u5546\u76f8\u96dc\u300d\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u96a8\u4e4b\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u66f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u660e\u6e05\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u5546\u4eba\u672c\u8eab\u8207\u5176\u5b50\u5f1f\u900f\u904e\u79d1\u8209\u8003\u8a66\u6216\u662f\u6350\u7d0d\u65b9\u5f0f\u7372\u5f97\u5b98\u54e1\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\u6578\u5927\u589e\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u8207\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u4f86\u5f80\u4e5f\u66f4\u52a0\u5bc6\u5207\u3002\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\u5148\u751f\u81ea\u660e\u6e05\u6587\u96c6\u4e2d\u6536\u7f85\u4e86\u773e\u591a\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u8a3c\u5be6\u660e\u6e05\u4e2d\u570b\u5546\u4eba\u8207\u58eb\u4eba\u9593\u7684\u300c\u58eb\u5546\u76f8\u96dc\u300d\u73fe\u8c61\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u8cc8\u9053\u300d\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u9010\u6f38\u8208\u8d77\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn53\" name=\"_ftnref53\"> [52] <\/a>\u90e8\u4efd\u660e\u6e05\u5546\u4eba\u8207\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u826f\u8cc8\u4f55\u8ca0\u65bc\u958e\u5112\u300d\u7684\u300c\u8cc8\u9053\u300d\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u65e2\u53cd\u6620\u4e5f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5546\u4eba\u4e0d\u65b7\u7684\u300c\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u5316\u300d\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u983b\u8207\u5546\u4eba\u806f\u59fb\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5f62\u6210\u5766\u7136\u6536\u53d7\u64b0\u5beb\u58fd\u5e8f\u3001\u5893\u5fd7\u6f64\u7b46\u7684\u65b0\u300c\u8fad\u53d7\u300d\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u767c\u8af8\u70ba\u5546\u4eba\u5546\u696d\u5229\u76ca\u8faf\u8b77\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u6642\u8ad6\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u73fe\u8c61\u53cd \u6620\u8457\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u7684\u300c\u5546\u4eba\u5316\u300d\u3002\u8207\u9019\u4e9b\u300c\u58eb\u5546\u76f8\u96dc\u300d\u73fe\u8c61\u3001\u300c\u8cc8\u9053\u300d\u8ad6\u8ff0\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u7a2e\u7a2e\u65b0\u578b\u614b\u7684\u300c\u7fa9\u5229\u89c0\u3001\u516c\u79c1\u89c0\u3001\u4f88\u9761\u8ad6\u3001\u5bcc\u6c11\u8ad6\u300d\u7b49\u793e\u6703\u601d\u6f6e\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u52a0\u666e\u53ca\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn54\" name=\"_ftnref54\"> [53] <\/a>\u300c\u8cc8\u9053\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u65b0\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u300c\u7fa9\u5229\u89c0\u300d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u6e1b\u7de9\u4e3b\u6d41\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5c0d\u7372\u53d6\u300c\u79c1\u5229\u300d\u7684\u6575\u8996\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u589e\u5f37\u5546\u4eba\u7d2f\u7a4d\u8ca1\u5bcc\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u3002\u5341\u4e94\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u985e\u4f3c\u300c\u4ee5\u516c\u8b77\u79c1\u300d\u9019\u985e\u65b0\u578b\u614b\u300c\u7fa9\u5229\u4e4b\u8fa8\u300d\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u8868\u9054\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u66f4\u6210\u70ba\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u8207\u5546\u4eba\u5408\u7d44\u300c\u6703\u9928\u300d\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f7f\u9019\u7a2e\u65b0\u5f0f\u300c\u7fa9\u5229\u89c0\u300d\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn55\" name=\"_ftnref55\"> [54] <\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7c21\u4ecb\u6709\u95dc\u660e\u6e05\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u8207\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u90fd\u7121\u6cd5\u8207\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u6240\u8ff0\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u5e74\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u82e5\u8b02\u660e\u6e05\u7a2e\u7a2e\u8b8a\u5316\u90fd\u662f\u7121\u95dc\u8f15\u91cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b26\u5408\u5341\u516b\u3001\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u570b\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u300d\u4e4b\u9593\u4e92\u52d5\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a\u5be6\u969b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u6574\u9ad4\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u7a81\u986f\u4e86\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u660e\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u8207\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u82f1\u570b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u793e\u6703\u67b6\u69cb\u300d\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8b93\u67d0\u4e9b\u539f\u672c\u76f8\u4fe1\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u570b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u884c\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u4eba\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u5207\u5be6\u969b\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u90a3\u4e9b\u66fe\u7d93\u5929\u771f\u76f8\u4fe1\u5176\u4e2d\u78ba\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u5be5\u5be5\u53ef\u6578\uff09\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5247\u4ee5\u6b77\u53f2\u8457\u8ff0\u8ad6\u8a3c\u4e26\u547c\u7c72\u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u9678\u8a72\u7576\u8df3\u51fa\u300c\u59d3\u8cc7\u3001\u59d3\u793e\u300d\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u7121\u8b02\u722d\u8b70\uff0c\u8b8a\u5316\u601d\u60f3\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff0c\u76e1\u5feb\u5b8c\u6210\u300c\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u7d44\u7e54\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn56\" name=\"_ftnref56\"> [55] <\/a>\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u904b\u7528\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u5206\u68b3\u4e2d\u570b\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c0d\u8b80\u8005\u5e36\u4f86\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u7701\u601d\uff1a\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u300d\u4e09\u8005\uff0c\u8981\u6b63\u8996\u5176\u5982\u4f55\u6709\u6a5f\u5730\u9023\u7e6b\u4e26\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u6703\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5118\u7ba1\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u5df2\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6587\u5316\u300d\u4e09\u8005\u4e92\u52d5\u95dc\u4fc2\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u56b4\u683c\u4f86 \u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u672a\u80fd\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5448\u986f\u4e09\u8005\u9593\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u4e92\u52d5\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4f86\u5448\u986f\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u793e\u6703\uff1a\u300c\u793e\u6703\u88cf\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u80fd\u76f8\u4e92\u66f4\u63db\u7684\u96f6\u4ef6\uff1b\u66f4\u56e0\u4e4b\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u5de5 \u53ef\u4ee5\u7e41\u8907\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65e2\u4ee5\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u4f5c\u5b97\u65e8\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u540c\u6a23\u4ee5\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u4e0a\u52a0\u6e1b\u4e58\u9664\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c07\u6b0a\u5229\u8207\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u5206\u5272\u6b78\u4f75\uff0c\u4f86\u652f\u6301\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u5408\u4f5c\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u4ed6\u5c0d\u300c\u73fe \u4ee3\u6027\u300d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u8207\u754c\u5b9a\u3002\u82e5\u501f\u7528Charles Taylor\u5340\u5206\u7684\u5169\u985e\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u300d\u7406\u8ad6\u505a\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u5c0d\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u793e\u6703\u6240\u505a\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u8207\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u7684\u78ba\u5f88\u63a5\u8fd1\u90a3\u985e\u300c\u5c11\u6587\u5316\u7684\u300d \uff08acultural\uff09\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7406\u8ad6\uff1a\u5c07\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u300c\u4e0d\u5e36\u6587\u5316\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u97ff\u800c\u7d14\u4efb\u7406\u6027\u6216\u793e\u6703\u6027\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u300d\uff08a rational or social operation which is cultural-neutral\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u50b3\u5e03\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u300c\u4efb\u4f55\u6216\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u6587\u5316\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u7d44\u793e\u6703\u8f49\u578b\u300d\uff08a set of transformations which any and every culture can go through\uff09\u3002Taylor\u5c07\u5176\u8207\u53e6\u4e00\u985e\u300c\u6587\u5316\u6027\u7684\u300d\uff08a cultural\uff09\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7406\u8ad6\u76f8\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff0c\u9019\u985e\u7406\u8ad6\u5c07\u8fd1\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u300d\u7684\u8208\u8d77\uff0c\u80cc\u5f8c\u6d89\u53ca\u8af8\u7a2e\u300c\u4eba\u89c0\u300d\uff08personhood\uff09\u3001 \u300c\u81ea\u7136\u89c0\u300d\uff08nature\uff09\u3001\u300c\u793e\u6703\u89c0\u300d\uff08society\uff09\u3001\u300c\u6642\u9593\u89c0\u300d\uff08time\uff09\u3001\u300c\u512a\u52a3\u89c0\u300d\uff08goods and bads\uff09\u3001\u300c\u5584\u60e1\u89c0\u300d\uff08virtues and vices\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u5c6c\u65bc\u8fd1\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u8a8d\u77e5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08own specific understandings\uff09\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn57\" name=\"_ftnref57\"> [56] <\/a>\u5118\u7ba1\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u4e5f\u5c07\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u8a2d\u5b9a\u5728\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u7684\u82f1\u570b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ac7\u53ca\u79c1\u6709\u7522\u6b0a\u795e\u8056\u6027\u89c0\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u7279\u6b8a\u6642\u7a7a\u689d\u4ef6\u4e2d\u64f4\u6563\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c0d\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300c\u6587\u5316\u300d\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u5176\u5be6\u76f8\u7576\u6709\u9650\uff1b\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u7d93\u5e38\u5217\u8209\u300c\u5b98\u54e1\u61c9\u4ed8\u79d1\u8209\u8003\u8a66\u3001\u95b1\u8b80\u300a\u56db\u66f8\u300b\u300d\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u8ad6\u8a3c\u300c\u50b3\u7d71\u9053\u5fb7\u300d\u5c0d\u660e\u4ee3\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u56b4\u91cd\u7c21\u5316\u4e86\u660e\u4ee3\u5f71\u97ff\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u300c\u6587\u5316\u300d\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\uff1a\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u5fc3\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u629b\u68c4\u300c\u50b3\u7d71\u9053\u5fb7\u300d\uff0c\u5247\u5305\u542b\u4e2d\u570b\u5728\u5167\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9806\u5229\u8f49\u578b\u70ba\u300c\u80fd\u5728\u6578\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c31\u548c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u82f1\u570b\u6240\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u300d\u793e\u6703\u6539\u9020\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c \u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u300c\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u80cc\u5f8c\u6240\u62b1\u6301\u7684\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u300d\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u61c9\u662f\u63a5\u8fd1Taylor\u6240\u5206\u985e\u7684\u300c\u5c11\u6587\u5316\u7684\u300d\uff08acultural\uff09\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7406\u8ad6\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftn57\" name=\"_ftnref57\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Taylor\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u5c11\u6587\u5316\u7684\u300d\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7406\u8ad6\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u91cd\u5927\u7f3a\u9ede\uff1a\u65e2\u626d\u66f2\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u8f15\u4f30\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u5728\u50b3\u64ad\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d7\u9650\u5404\u5730\u4e0d\u540c\u65e2\u6709\u6587\u5316\u5f71\u97ff\u800c\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u300c\u4ed6\u985e\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u300d\uff08alternative modernities\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u300d\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u90e8\u4efd\u690d\u57fa\u65bc\u300c\u539f\u672c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6846\u67b6\u300d\uff08original moral outlook\uff09\u3002\u4ee5\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u5f8c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u800c\u8ad6\uff0c\u7684\u78ba\u5177\u6709\u6539\u9032\u6280\u8853\u8207\u589e\u52a0\u6548\u7387\u7684\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6642\u4eba\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u5c07\u4e8b\u5be6\uff08fact\uff09\u81ea\u50f9\u503c\uff08value\uff09\u4e2d\u5340\u5206\u51fa\u4f86\u300d\uff0c\u537b\u548c\u7576\u4ee3\u4eba\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u5e0c\u671b\u767c\u73fe\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u771f\u7406\u300d\u7684\u5fc3\u614b\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b49\u540c\u800c\u8ad6\u3002\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u662f\u8981\u89e3\u6c7a\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u6280\u8853\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u80cc\u5f8c\u52d5\u6a5f\u537b\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn58\" name=\"_ftnref58\"> [57] <\/a>\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u8996\u500b\u4eba\u70ba\u539f\u5b50\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u5d4c\u690d\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u8a8d\u77e5\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u793e\u6703\u88cf\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u80fd\u76f8\u4e92\u66f4\u63db\u7684\u96f6\u4ef6\u300d\u4e00\u8a9e\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u7576\u6642\u897f\u65b9\u300c\u4eba\u89c0\u3001\u793e\u6703\u89c0\u300d\u7b49\u6210\u5957\u6210\u7d44\u8a8d\u77e5\u89c0\u5ff5\uff08a constellation of understandings\uff09\u62bd\u96e2\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u7576\u897f\u65b9\u6280\u8853\u50b3\u5230\u6771\u65b9\u6642\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u793e\u6703\u88cf\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u80fd\u76f8\u4e92\u66f4\u63db\u7684\u96f6\u4ef6\u300d\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u300c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65e2\u4ee5\u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u4f5c\u5b97\u65e8\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u540c\u6a23\u4ee5\u6578\u76ee\u5b57\u4e0a\u52a0\u6e1b\u4e58\u9664\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c07\u6b0a\u5229\u8207\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u5206\u5272\u6b78\u4f75\u300d\u7b49\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u300d\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u53c8\u6703\u8207\u4e0d\u540c\u6771\u65b9\u570b\u5bb6\u65e2\u6709\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u76f8\u4e92\u7d50\u5408\u8207\u5275\u65b0\uff1f\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f Taylor\u6240\u8aaa\u300c\u5c11\u6587\u5316\u7684\u300d\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0d\u80fd\u59a5\u5584\u4ea4\u5f85\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u767c\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u4e0d\u50c5\u300c\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u300d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u5f71\u97ff\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u300d\u6b77\u53f2\u8207\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\uff0c\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300d\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u8907\u96dc\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn59\" name=\"_ftnref59\"> [58] <\/a>\u53c8\u8c48\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f15\u6613\u653e\u904e\uff01\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5148\u751f\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u95b1\u8b80\u660e\u4ee3\u8ca1\u653f\u53f2\u548c\u82f1\u570b\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53f2\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5df2\u82b1\u8cbb\u773e\u591a\u52aa\u529b\u8207\u5fc3\u8840\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u660e\u4ee3\u8ca1\u653f\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u78ba\u80fd\u7531\u5c0f\u89c0\u5927\u3001\u7368\u5177\u5275\u898b\uff1b\u4ed6\u5c0d\u82f1\u570b\u3001\u8377\u862d\u3001\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7d93\u6fdf\u53f2\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\uff0c\u4e5f\u70ba\u4e2d\u6587\u8b80\u8005\u63d0\u793a\u53ca\u6d88\u5316\u4e86\u773e\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u897f\u65b9\u53f2\u5b78\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u6703\u662f\u4e2d\u6587\u8b80\u8005\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8cc7\u7522\u3002\u7279\u5225\u662f\u9ec3\u5148\u751f\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u89c0\u5ff5\u300d\u4e09\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u6211\u500b\u4eba\u89ba\u5f97\u5176\u5728\u5206\u6790\u660e\u6e05\u7d93\u6fdf\u53f2\u4e0a\u78ba\u6709\u6d1e\u898b\u3001\u6975\u5bcc\u6f5b\u529b\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u52aa\u529b\u5c07\u9019\u4e09\u8005\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e88\u4ee5\u7d30\u7dfb\u5316\u3001\u52d5\u614b\u5316\uff1f\u61c9\u4ecd\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u7e7c\u7e8c\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u4e8b\u696d\u3002<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u5fb5\u5f15\u66f8\u76ee<\/h1>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u300a\u5927\u660e\u5f8b\u7b8b\u91cb\u300b\uff0c\uff08\u660e\uff09\u738b\u80af\u5802\u8457\uff0c\u5f71\u5370\u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081691\uff09\u520a\u672c\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u300a\u56db\u5eab\u672a\u6536\u66f8\u8f2f\u520a\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1997\uff0c1\u8f2f25\u518a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u300a\u5927\u7fa9\u89ba\u8ff7\u9304\u300b\uff0c\uff08\u6e05\uff09\u6e05\u4e16\u5b97\u8457\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u6587\u6d77\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1970\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u300a\u65e5\u9304\u96dc\u8aaa\u300b\uff0c\uff08\u6e05\uff09\u9b4f\u79a7\u8457\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u5f35\u6f6e\u8f2f\u300a\u662d\u4ee3\u53e2\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u6e05\u5eb7\u7199\u5e74\u9593\u520a\u672c\uff0c\u4e2d\u7814\u9662\u53f2\u8a9e\u6240\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u85cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u300a\u5211\u6848\u532f\u89bd\u300b\uff0c\uff08\u6e05\uff09\u795d\u6176\u797a\u7de8\u6b21\u3001\uff08\u6e05\uff09\u9b91\u66f8\u82b8\u53c3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5f71\u5370\u9053\u514914\u5e74\uff081834\uff09\u520a\u672c\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u6210\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1968\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u300a\u897f\u6c5f\u8996\u81ec\u7d00\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\uff08\u6e05\uff09\u51cc\u71fd\uff0c\u5f71\u5370\u4e7e\u96868\u5e74\uff081743\uff09\u523b\u672c\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u56db\u5eab\u5168\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1997\uff0c\u518a882\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u300a\u5b78\u6cbb\u7e8c\u8aaa\u300b\uff0c\uff08\u6e05\uff09\u6c6a\u8f1d\u7956\uff0c\u4e7e\u968658\u5e74\uff081793\uff09\u5e8f\uff0c\u5f71\u5370\u5149\u7dd215\u5e74\uff081889\uff09\u6c5f\u8607\u66f8\u5c40\u523b\u300a\u9f8d\u838a\u907a\u66f8\u300b\u672c\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u83ef\u6587\u66f8\u5c40\uff0c1970\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u300a\u8b80\u4f8b\u5b58\u7591\uff08\u91cd\u520a\u672c\uff09\u300b\uff0c\uff08\u6e05\uff09\u859b\u5141\u5347\u8457\uff0c\u9ec3\u975c\u5609\u7de8\u6821\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u6210\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1970\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Fu-mei Chen and Ramon H. Myers, 1989. &#8220;Coping with Transaction Costs: The Case of Merchant Associations in the Ch&#8217;ing Period.&#8221; in <strong><em>The Second Conference on Modern Chinese Economic History<\/em><\/strong>. Taipei: Academia Sinica, Pp. 317-341.<\/li>\n<li>Huang, Ray. 1974. <strong><em>Taxation and Governmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China. <\/em><\/strong>London and New York: Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Huang, Ray. 1981. <strong><em>1587, A Year of No Significance. <\/em><\/strong>New Haven and London: Yale University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Mercuro, Nicholas and Medema, Steven G. 1997. <strong><em>Economics and the Law: From Posner to Post-Modernism<\/em><\/strong>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Taylor, Charles 2000. \u201cTwo Theories of Modernity.\u201d In Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar ed. <strong><em>Millennial Quartet vol. 1, Alter\/Native Modernity<\/em><\/strong>. <strong><em>Public Culture<\/em><\/strong> 11,1: 153-174.<\/li>\n<li>\u738b\u696d\u9375\uff0c1981\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u8ca8\u5e63\u8207\u9280\u884c\u7684\u6f14\u9032\uff081644-1937\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u7d93\u6fdf\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u53f2\u82e5\u6c11\uff0c1992\uff0c\u300a\u7968\u5546\u8208\u8870\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6731\u82f1\uff0c1993\uff0c\u3008\u8ad6\u6e05\u672b\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u6cd5\u898f\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6b77\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c1993,5\uff1a92-109\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f55\u654f\uff0c1998\uff0c\u3008\u5f9e\u6e05\u4ee3\u79c1\u5bb6\u6ce8\u5f8b\u770b\u50b3\u7d71\u6ce8\u91cb\u5f8b\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u7528\u50f9\u503c\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6881\u6cbb\u5e73\u7de8\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89e3\u91cb\u554f\u984c\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u9801323-350\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\uff0c1987\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e16\u5b97\u6559\u502b\u7406\u8207\u5546\u4eba\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u806f\u7d93\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\uff0c1991\uff0c\u3008\u5e8f\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5eff\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u806f\u7d93\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u98011-7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\uff0c1996\uff0c\u3008\u73fe\u4ee3\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u56de\u9867\u8207\u5c55\u671b\uff1a\u5f9e\u660e\u6e05\u601d\u60f3\u57fa\u8abf\u7684\u8f49\u63db\u770b\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u767c\u5c55\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u5112\u5b78\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\uff1a\u516b\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u98011-59\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\uff0c1998\uff0c\u3008\u58eb\u5546\u4e92\u52d5\u8207\u5112\u5b78\u8f49\u5411\uff1a\u660e\u6e05\u793e\u6703\u53f2\u8207\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e4b\u4e00\u9762\u76f8\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u300a\u8fd1\u4e16\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u50b3\u7d71\u8207\u86fb\u8b8a\uff1a\u5289\u5ee3\u4eac\u9662\u58eb\u4e03\u5341\u4e94\u6b72\u795d\u58fd\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u300b\u4e0a\u518a\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u98011-52\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5433\u5947\u884d\uff0c1985\uff0c\u3008\u6e05\u4ee3\u524d\u671f\u7259\u884c\u5236\u8a66\u8ff0\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u53f2\u8ad6\u53e2\u300b\uff0c6\uff1a26-52\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5433\u627f\u660e\uff0c1985\uff0c\u3008\u8ad6\u660e\u4ee3\u570b\u5167\u5e02\u5834\u548c\u5546\u4eba\u8cc7\u672c\u3009\u3001\u3008\u8ad6\u6e05\u4ee3\u524d\u671f\u6211\u570b\u570b\u5167\u5e02\u5834\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u570b\u5167\u5e02\u5834\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff09\uff0c\u9801217-246\uff1b247-265\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u674e\u4f2f\u91cd\uff0c1999\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u5168\u570b\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c1500-1840\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u83ef\u5927\u5b78\u5b78\u5831\uff08\u54f2\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u7248\uff09\u300b\uff0c14,4\uff1a48-54\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8c37\u973d\u5149\uff0c1942\uff0c\u3008\u5510\u672b\u81f3\u6e05\u521d\u9593\u6291\u5546\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u5546\u69b7\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6587\u53f2\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b\uff0c1,11\uff1a1-10\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u90b1\u4ef2\u9e9f\uff0c2000\uff0c\u3008\u8a95\u65e5\u7a31\u6ba4\u2014\u2014\u660e\u6e05\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6176\u58fd\u6587\u5316\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u65b0\u53f2\u5b78\u300b\uff0c11,3\uff1a101-156\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u90b1\u6f8e\u751f\uff0c1995\uff0c\u3008\u7531\u8607\u5dde\u7d93\u5546\u885d\u7a81\u4e8b\u4ef6\u770b\u6e05\u4ee3\u524d\u671f\u7684\u5b98\u5546\u95dc\u4fc2\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6587\u53f2\u54f2\u5b78\u5831\u300b\uff0c43\uff1a37-92\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u90b1\u6f8e\u751f\uff0c1998\uff0c\u3008\u7531\u5e02\u5edb\u5f8b\u4f8b\u6f14\u8b8a\u770b\u660e\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u898f\u7bc4\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u570b\u7acb\u53f0\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u7cfb\u7de8\u300a\u53f2\u5b78\uff1a\u50b3\u627f\u8207\u8b8a\u9077\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u570b\u7acb\u53f0\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u7cfb\uff0c\u9801291-334\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4fde\u6c5f\uff0c1998\uff0c\u3008\u300a\u5927\u6e05\u6c11\u5f8b\uff08\u8349\u6848\uff09\u8003\u6790\u300b\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8a55\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c1998\uff1a146-161\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6d2a\u7165\u693f\uff0c1992\uff0c\u3008\u660e\u6e05\u8607\u5dde\u5730\u5340\u7684\u6703\u9928\u516c\u6240\u5728\u5546\u54c1\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u660e\u6e05\u53f2\u5076\u5b58\u300b\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\uff1a\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u9801566-612\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8303\u91d1\u6c11\uff0c1998\uff0c\u300a\u660e\u6e05\u6c5f\u5357\u5546\u696d\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u300b\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\uff1a\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u9801242-249\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u97cb\u6176\u9060\uff0c1989\uff0c\u3008\u6e05\u4ee3\u7259\u5546\u5229\u5f0a\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u660e\u6e05\u53f2\u8fa8\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u9801289-298\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ad8\u6c85\u6708\uff0c2000\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u4ee3\u5211\u540d\u5e55\u53cb\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f35\u6649\u85e9\uff0c1992\uff0c\u3008\u6e05\u4ee3\u79c1\u5bb6\u6ce8\u5f8b\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u3009\uff0c\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u6e05\u5f8b\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u9801164-188\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f35\u6d77\u9d6c\u3001\u5f35\u6d77\u701b\u7de8\uff0c1993\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u5341\u5927\u5546\u5e6b\u300b\uff0c\u5408\u80a5\uff1a\u9ec3\u5c71\u66f8\u793e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f35\u5049\u4ec1\uff0c1989\uff0c\u3008\u6e05\u4ee3\u6cd5\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u3009\u4e0b\uff0c\u300a\u570b\u7acb\u53f0\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u6cd5\u5b78\u8ad6\u53e2\u300b\uff0c18,2\uff1a1-55\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f6d\u4e45\u677e\u3001\u9673\u7136\uff0c1994\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u5951\u7d04\u80a1\u4efd\u5236\u6982\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c1994,1\uff1a56-65\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1974\uff0c\u3008\u5f9e\u300a\u4e09\u8a00\u300b\u770b\u665a\u660e\u5546\u4eba\u3009\uff0c\uff08\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b78\uff09\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5b78\u5831\u300b\uff0c7,1\uff1a133-154\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1985\uff0c\u3008\u81ea\u5e8f\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u98df\u8ca8\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u98011-3\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1985\uff0c\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u98df\u8ca8\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u98df\u8ca8\u300b\u5fa9\u520a\uff0c16,1\/2\uff1a26-49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u660e\u300a\u592a\u5b97\u5be6\u9304\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u5e74\u7d42\u7d71\u8a08\uff1a\u674e\u8001\u535a\u58eb\u6240\u7a31\u4e2d\u570b\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u8a3c\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u674e\u570b\u8c6a\u7b49\u7de8\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u79d1\u6280\u53f2\u63a2\u7d22\u300b\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\uff1a\u4e2d\u83ef\u66f8\u5c40\uff0c\u9801123-139\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988a\uff0c\u3008\u660e\u4ee3\u53f2\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u7684\u65b0\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u653e\u5bec\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u8996\u754c\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5141\u6668\u6587\u5316\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u980163-91\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988b\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u8207\u897f\u6d0b\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6ed9\u5408\u2014\u2014\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u7121\u6b64\u5947\u9047\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u653e\u5bec\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u8996\u754c\u300b\uff0c\u9801141-197\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988c\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u70ba\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u653e\u5bec\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u8996\u754c\u300b\uff0c\u9801199-219\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1991\uff0c\u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5eff\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u806f\u7d93\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1997(1981)\uff0c\u3008\u81ea\u5e8f\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e09\u806f\u66f8\u5e97\uff0c\u98011-6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1997\uff0c\u3008\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\u548c\u6211\u7684\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e09\u806f\u66f8\u5e97\uff0c\u9801265-281\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c2000\uff0c\u300a\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u660e\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u8ca1\u653f\u8207\u7a05\u6536\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u806f\u7d93\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ec3\u9452\u6689\uff0c1987\uff0c\u3008\u6e05\u521d\u5546\u7528\u6703\u7968\u8207\u5546\u54c1\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6587\u737b\u300b\uff0c1987,1\uff1a3-16\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5289\u5ee3\u4eac\uff0c1987\uff0c\u3008\u5f8c\u5e8f\uff1a\u8fd1\u4e16\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u5546\u4eba\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e16\u5b97\u6559\u502b\u7406\u8207\u5546\u4eba\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u980125-53\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7e46\u5168\u5409\uff0c1971\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u4ee3\u5e55\u5e9c\u4eba\u4e8b\u5236\u5ea6\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u4e8b\u884c\u653f\u6708\u520a\u793e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">*<\/a> \u672c\u6587\u539f\u70ba\u300c\u8207\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u5c0d\u8a71\u2014\u2014\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u300d\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u5831\u4eba\u9593\u526f\u520a\u4e3b\u8fa6\uff0c2001\/1\/6\uff09\u64b0\u5beb\u7684\u6703\u8b70\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u611f\u8b1d\u6211\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u4eba\u5289\u745e\u83ef\u5148\u751f\u5c0d\u672c\u6587\u7684\u6307\u6559\u3002\u4e5f\u8b1d\u8b1d\u696d\u5e2b\u5f90\u6cd3\u6559\u6388\u4ee5\u53ca\u718a\u79c9\u771f\u6559\u6388\u3001\u5deb\u4ec1\u6055\u5148\u751f\u79c1\u4e0b\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6709\u7528\u5efa\u8b70\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"> [1] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1997\uff0c\u3008\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\u548c\u6211\u7684\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u3009\uff0c\u9801268\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"> [2] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u980146-47\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"> [3] <\/a> \u5982\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6587\u5b57\u6240\u8aaa\uff1a\u4ee5\u300c\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u300d\u770b\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u5c07\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u4ee3\u53f2\u7684\u57fa\u7dda\u5411\u5f8c\u63a8\u8f49\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u660e\u671d\u300d\uff0c\u5247\u300c\u9019\u9577\u6642\u671f\u7684\u8996\u754c\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u77ad\u89e3\u6700\u8fd1\u4e2d\u570b\u6240\u9047\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u6df5\u85ea\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u770b\u6e05\u597d\u591a\u554f\u984c\u4e92\u76f8\u9023\u9396\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u300d\uff08\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988c\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u70ba\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u9801218\uff09\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"> [4] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u980148\u3002\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988c\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u70ba\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u9801218\u3002\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988b\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u8207\u897f\u6d0b\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6ed9\u5408\u2014\u2014\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u7121\u6b64\u5947\u9047\u3009\uff0c\u9801197\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"> [5] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988c\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u70ba\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u9801219\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"> [6] <\/a> \u4f59\u82f1\u6642\uff0c1991\uff0c\u3008\u5e8f\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5eff\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u300b\uff0c\u98013\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"> [7] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\u539f\u4ee5\u82f1\u6587\u520a\u884c\u65bc1981\u5e74\uff08\u66f8\u540d<strong><em>1587, A Year of No Significance<\/em><\/strong>\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u5f88\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u51fa\u7248\u8a72\u66f8\u4e26\u5c07\u66f8\u4e2d\u89c0\u9ede\u63a8\u5c55\u7d66\u570b\u5167\u540c\u80de\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u66fe\u8b02\uff1a\u8a72\u66f8\u82f1\u6587\u8349\u7a3f\u5b8c\u6210\u65bc1976\u5e74\u590f\u5b63\uff0c\u300c\u4ecd\u5728\u56db\u4eba\u5e6b\u57f7\u653f\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u76fc\u671b\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u51fa\u7248\u300d\uff1b\u81f3\u65bc\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u5728\u5927\u9678\u521d\u6b21\u51fa\u7248\u6642\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u5247\u5c07\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u4f5c\u8005\u540d\u5b57\u524d\u51a0\u4ee5\u300c\u7f8e\u300d\u7c4d\u5b57\u773c\uff0c\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u4e5f\u7565\u5e36\u7121\u5948\u5730\u7279\u5225\u5c0d\u6b64\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u756a\u89e3\u8aaa\uff1a\u4f5c\u8005\u59d3\u540d\u524d\u6709\u4e00\u300c\u7f8e\u300d\u5b57\uff0c\u300c\u8868\u793a\u6211\u73fe\u5728\u70ba\u7f8e\u570b\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u9019\u5728\u8868\u5f70\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e4b\u9918\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u7b26\u5408\u76ee\u524d\u9700\u8981\u3002\u56e0\u6211\u4e4b\u6240\u8b02\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u570b\u969b\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5f88\u5e0c\u671b\u4ee5\u56db\u6d77\u70ba\u5bb6\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u589e\u9032\u6771\u65b9\u8207\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5316\u9664\u6210\u898b\u300d\uff08\u3008\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\u548c\u6211\u7684\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u3009\uff0c\u9801265\u3001267-268\uff09\u3002\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\u6240\u8aaa\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u7684\u300c\u6545\u570b\u60c5\u6df1\u300d\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u6df1\u85cf\u5728\u4ed6\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u300c\u7f8e\u570b\u570b\u7c4d\u300d\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u4e2d\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"> [8] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5728\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\u7c21\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u3008\u81ea\u5e8f\u3009\u4e0a\u5c0d\u6b64\u6709\u6e05\u695a\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a\u300c1959\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u5bc6\u897f\u6839\u5927\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u7cfb\u8b80\u66f8\uff0c\u9078\u5b9a\u4e86\u300a\u660e\u4ee3\u7684\u6f15\u904b\u300b\u4f5c\u70ba\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u984c\u76ee\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u82b1\u4e86\u4e94\u5e74\u3002\u8ad6\u6587\u5b8c\u6210\u5f8c\uff0c\u7b97\u662f\u5c0d\u660e\u4ee3\u7684\u8ca1\u653f\u7a05\u6578\u5236\u5ea6\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u77e5\u534a\u89e3\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u907a\u7559\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u5c11\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3\u6c7a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u4e26\u5716\u5c0d\u660e\u4ee3\u8ca1\u653f\u8207\u7a05\u6536\u7aba\u5176\u5168\u8c79\uff0c\u4e43\u958b\u59cb\u6536\u96c6\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u64b0\u5beb<strong><em>Taxation and Governmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China<\/em><\/strong>\u4e00\u66f8\u3002\u7576\u6642\u6b63\u503c\u53f0\u5317\u5f71\u5370\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u660e\u5be6\u9304\u300b\uff0c\u6b64\u66f8\u70ba\u660e\u4ee3\u53f2\u6599\u7684\u6df5\u85ea\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5728\u6240\u5fc5\u8b80\u3002\u5168\u66f8133\u518a\uff0c\u53c8\u7121\u7d22\u5f15\u53ef\u8cc7\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ea\u597d\u786c\u8457\u982d\u76ae\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u66f8\u4e4b\u9918\u6bcf\u5468\u95b1\u8b80\u4e00\u518a\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u8d70\u99ac\u89c0\u82b1\u5f0f\u7684\u95b1\u89bd\u5c31\u82b1\u53bb\u4e86\u5169\u5e74\u534a\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u800c\u5916\uff0c\u53c3\u8003\u594f\u758f\u3001\u7b46\u8a18\u3001\u5404\u5730\u65b9\u5fd7\uff0c \u641c\u5c0b\u570b\u5167\u5916\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u65b0\u820a\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u8cbb\u6642\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u6b64\u66f8\u5f9e\u8a08\u5283\u64b0\u5beb\u5230\u6bba\u9752\u5b9a\u7a3f\uff0c\u6b77\u6642\u4e03\u5e74\u300d\uff08\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1997(1981)\uff0c\u3008\u81ea\u5e8f\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a \u4e09\u806f\u66f8\u5e97\uff0c\u98011\uff09\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"> [9] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u66fe\u56de\u61b6\uff0c\u81ea1972\u5e74\u6b63\u5f0f\u8944\u52a9\u674e\u7d04\u745f\uff08Joseph Needham\uff09\u535a\u58eb\u64b0\u5beb\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u79d1\u5b78\u6280\u8853\u53f2\u300b\u7b2c\u4e03\u5377\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u516b\u7bc0\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u5169\u4eba\u5373\u4e0d\u65b7\u8a0e\u8ad6\u897f\u65b9\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u75311972\u81f31973\u5e74\u5c45\u528d\u6a4b\u4e00\u5e74\u300c\u548c\u674e\u516c\u65e5\u5915\u8e49\u5546\u300d\uff08\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u660e\u300a\u592a\u5b97\u5be6\u9304\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u5e74\u7d42\u7d71\u8a08\uff1a\u674e\u8001\u535a\u58eb\u6240\u7a31\u4e2d\u570b\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u8a3c\u3009\uff0c\u9801125\uff09\uff1b\u4e26\u8b02\uff1a\u674e\u535a\u58eb\u300c\u4ee5\u4ed6\u591a\u5e74\u8b80\u66f8\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u6df1\u89ba\u5f97\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u3001\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u548c\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6210\u5957\uff08package\uff09\u7684\u4e8b\u8e5f\uff0c\u4e00\u6709\u90fd\u6709\uff0c\u56db\u7a2e\u60c5\u4e8b\u524d\u5f8c\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u95dc\u9023\u3002\u6211\u81f3\u4eca\u9084\u89ba\u5f97\u9019\u662f\u6709\u8b58\u8005\u4e4b\u8a00\u300d\u30021974\u5e74\uff0c\u9ec3\u6c0f\u8d81\u5728\u7f8e\u6559\u66f8\u5e36\u85aa\u4f11\u5047\u671f\u9593\u518d\u8d74\u82f1\u570b\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u300c\u674e\u7d04\u745f\u6240\u6536\u85cf\u7684\u66f8\u7c4d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u95dc\u65bc\u6b50\u6d32\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u7167\u4ed6\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u95b1\u8b80\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u300d\u30021975\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5169\u4eba\u806f\u540d\u5411\u5169\u500b\u6587\u5316\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u7533\u8acb\u7d93\u8cbb\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u5411\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u8a55\u8b70\u5c08\u5bb6\u8a3c\u660e\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u570b\u79d1\u6280\u800c\u9806\u5e36\u727d\u6d89\u5230\u82f1\u570b\u571f\u5730\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u6cd5\u5ead\u7a0b\u5e8f\u300d\u662f\u78ba\u5be6\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u5728\u5bc6\u897f\u6839\u5927\u5b78\u5538\u66f8\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4e5f\u9078\u8b80\u904e\u5341\u516d\u9580\u6709\u95dc\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6b50\u6d32\u53f2\u7684\u8ab2\u3002\u66f4\u4e0d\u8aaa\u674e\u7d04\u745f\u7684\u51f1\u6613\u601d\u66f8\u9662\uff08Gonville &amp; Caius College\uff0c\u7c21\u7a31Caius College\uff09\u4e5f\u6709\u597d\u591a\u5c08\u5bb6\uff0c\u53ef\u4f9b\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8aee\u8a62\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8cbc\u9130\u73fe\u5df2\u53bb\u4e16\u7684\u7f85\u8cd3\u751f\u6559\u6388\uff08Joan Robinson\uff09\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u805e\u540d\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5c08\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u66fe\u770b\u904e\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6587\u7a3f\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u904e\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u92cc\u800c\u8d70\u96aa\uff0c\u7570\u60f3\u5929\u958b\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u89e3\u8aaa\u7d42\u65bc\u6c92\u6709\u7528\u300d\uff08\u9801 26-27\u300130\uff09\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"> [10] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u980126\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"> [11] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988a\uff0c\u3008\u660e\u4ee3\u53f2\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u7684\u65b0\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u980163\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"> [12] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u660e\u671d\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e2d\u5c64\u5f8c\u52e4\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u9060\u6bd4\u5510\u5b8b\u56b4\u91cd\uff1a\u300c\u5510\u671d\u548c\u5b8b\u671d\u7684\u8f49\u904b\u4f7f\u5728\u5404\u5730\u5340\u9593\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u624b\u4e2d\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6b3e\u9805\u53ca\u7269\u8cc7\u5468\u8f49\uff0c\u7531\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u884c\u4f7f\u8077\u6b0a\u3002\u5728\u5927\u9ad4\u4e0a\u8b1b\uff0c\u660e\u671d\u653e\u68c4\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u300d\uff08\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988c\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u70ba\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u9801199\uff09\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"> [13] <\/a> Ray Huang, 1974. <strong><em>Taxation and Governmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China<\/em><\/strong>, Pp.322-323. <a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"> [14] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988c\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u70ba\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u9801199\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"> [15] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988c\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u70ba\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u9801200\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"> [16] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u6709\u6642\u4e5f\u63cf\u8ff0\u6b64\u73fe\u8c61\u70ba\uff1a\u300c\u5168\u570b\u7684\u73fe\u91d1\u548c\u5be6\u7269\u4e0d\u662f\u7e3d\u6536\u96c6\u767c\uff0c\u8ca1\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u7121\u5f9e\u4ee5\u56b4\u5bc6\u7684\u6703\u8a08\u5236\u5ea6\u52a0\u4ee5\u8003\u5bdf\u300d\uff08\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1985\uff0c\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u9801159\uff09\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"> [17] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1985\uff0c\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u9801158\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"> [18] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1985\uff0c\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u9801160\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"> [19] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1985\uff0c\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u9801161-162\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\"> [20] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988c\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u70ba\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u9801200-201\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\"> [21] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1988c\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u70ba\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u9801205\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\"> [22] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1997(1981)\uff0c\u3008\u81ea\u5e8f\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u842c\u66c6\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e09\u806f\u66f8\u5e97\uff0c\u98014\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\"> [23] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u980141\u3002\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\u5c0d\u6b64\u6bb5\u6558\u8ff0\u505a\u4e86\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a\u300c\u51e1\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u5fc5\u5b9a\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u9ad8\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb \uff08superstructure\uff09\u548c\u4f4e\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\uff08infrastructure\uff09\u3002\u7576\u4e2d\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u793e\u6703\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5229\u5bb3\uff0c\u7d71\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8cab\u7a7f\u4e4b\u2026\u2026\u8981\u662f\u7576\u4e2d\u9023\u7e6b\u4e0d\u61c9\u547d\uff0c\u653f\u5c40\u5fc5\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u3002\u88dc\u6551\u7684\u8fa6\u6cd5\uff0c\u6216\u6539\u7d44\u9ad8\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u6216\u4fee\u6b63\u4f4e\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u4e4b\u5247\u8abf\u6574\u4e2d\u5c64\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u6709\u5982\u91cd\u8a02\u7a05\u5236\uff0c\u9812\u884c\u65b0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300d\uff08\u540c\u6587\uff0c\u980141\uff09\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\"> [24] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u980141-44\uff1b\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1991\uff0c\u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5eff\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u300b\uff0c\u9801173-180\u3002\u9ec3\u6c0f\u5f37\u8abf\uff1a\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u727d\u6d89 \u79c1\u4eba\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\uff0c\u52d9\u5fc5\u5728\u771f\u4eba\u5be6\u4e8b\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u5224\u5225\u5f97\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53f8\u6cd5\u6b0a\u6210\u70ba\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u300d\uff08\u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u980144\uff09\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\"> [25] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u980145\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\"> [26] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1991\uff0c\u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5eff\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u300b\uff0c\u9801180\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\"> [27] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u980145\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\"> [28] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1991\uff0c\u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5eff\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u300b\uff0c\u9801188\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\"> [29] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u980145-46\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\"> [30] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u980132\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\"> [31] <\/a> \u738b\u80af\u5802\uff0c\u300a\u5927\u660e\u5f8b\u7b8b\u91cb\u300b\uff0c\u5f71\u5370\u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081691\uff09\u520a\u672c\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u300a\u56db\u5eab\u672a\u6536\u66f8\u8f2f\u520a\u300b\uff0c1\u8f2f25\u518a\uff0c\u9801424\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\"> [32] <\/a> \u7531\u5341\u516d\u81f3\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u524d\u534a\u671f\u9593\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u9577\u7a0b\u8cbf\u6613\u8207\u5168\u570b\u5e02\u5834\u64f4\u5f35\u8da8\u52e2\u8207\u6578\u5b57\u4f30\u8a08\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\uff1a\u5433\u627f\u660e\uff0c\u3008\u8ad6\u660e\u4ee3\u570b\u5167\u5e02\u5834\u548c\u5546\u4eba\u8cc7\u672c\u3009\u3001\u3008\u8ad6\u6e05\u4ee3\u524d\u671f\u6211\u570b\u570b\u5167\u5e02\u5834\u3009\uff0c\u6c0f\u8457 \u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u570b\u5167\u5e02\u5834\u300b\uff0c\u9801217-246\uff1b247-265\u3002\u674e\u4f2f\u91cd\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u5168\u570b\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c1500-1840\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u83ef\u5927\u5b78\u5b78\u5831\uff08\u54f2\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78 \u7248\uff09\u300b\uff0c14,4(1999)\uff1a48-54\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\"> [33] <\/a> \u9019\u65b9\u9762\u7814\u7a76\u773e\u591a\uff0c\u53ef\u7565\u898b\u5f35\u6d77\u9d6c\u3001\u5f35\u6d77\u701b\u7de8\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u5341\u5927\u5546\u5e6b\u300b\uff0c\u8a72\u66f8\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u660e\u6e05\u5c71\u897f\u3001\u965d\u897f\u3001\u5be7\u6ce2\u3001\u5c71\u6771\u3001\u5ee3\u6771\u3001\u798f\u5efa\u3001\u6d1e\u5ead\u3001\u6c5f\u53f3\u3001\u9f8d\u6e38\u3001\u5fbd\u5dde\u7b49\u5546\u5e6b\u7684\u7d93\u5546\u6d3b\u52d5\u6982\u6cc1\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\"> [34] <\/a> \u53c3\u898b\uff1a\u738b\u696d\u9375\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u8ca8\u5e63\u8207\u9280\u884c\u7684\u6f14\u9032\uff081644-1937\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u98015-37\u3002\u53f2\u82e5\u6c11\uff0c1992\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\"><\/a>\u3008\u7968\u865f\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u548c\u521d\u671f\u7684\u696d\u52d9\u3009\uff0c\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u7968\u5546\u8208\u8870\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff09\uff0c\u980185-153\u3002\u9ec3\u9452\u6689\uff0c1987\uff0c\u3008\u6e05\u521d\u5546\u7528\u6703\u7968\u8207\u5546\u54c1\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6587\u737b\u300b\uff0c1987,1\uff1a3-16\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\"> [35] <\/a> \u6d2a\u7165\u693f\uff0c1992\uff0c\u3008\u660e\u6e05\u8607\u5dde\u5730\u5340\u7684\u6703\u9928\u516c\u6240\u5728\u5546\u54c1\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u660e\u6e05\u53f2\u5076\u5b58\u300b\uff0c\u9801566-612\u3002\u8303\u91d1\u6c11\uff0c1998\uff0c\u300a\u660e\u6e05\u6c5f\u5357\u5546\u696d\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u300b\uff0c\u9801242-249\u3002Fu-mei Chen and Ramon H. Myers, 1989. &#8220;Coping with Transaction Costs: The Case of Merchant Associations in the Ch&#8217;ing Period.&#8221; in <strong><em>The Second Conference on Modern Chinese Economic History<\/em><\/strong>. Pp. 317-341. <a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\"> [36] <\/a> \u5f35\u6649\u85e9\uff0c1992\uff0c\u3008\u6e05\u4ee3\u79c1\u5bb6\u6ce8\u5f8b\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u3009\uff0c\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u6e05\u5f8b\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u9801164-188\u3002\u4f55\u654f\uff0c1998\uff0c\u3008\u5f9e\u6e05\u4ee3\u79c1\u5bb6\u6ce8\u5f8b\u770b\u50b3\u7d71\u6ce8\u91cb\u5f8b\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u7528\u50f9\u503c\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u6881\u6cbb\u5e73\u7de8\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89e3\u91cb\u554f\u984c\u300b\uff0c\u9801323-350\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\"> [37] <\/a>\u5f35\u5049\u4ec1\uff0c1989\uff0c\u3008\u6e05\u4ee3\u6cd5\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u3009\u4e0b\uff0c\u300a\u570b\u7acb\u53f0\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u6cd5\u5b78\u8ad6\u53e2\u300b\uff0c18,2\uff1a1-55\u3002\u9ad8\u6c85\u6708\uff0c2000\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u4ee3\u5211\u540d\u5e55\u53cb\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\"> [38] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1974\uff0c\u3008\u5f9e\u300a\u4e09\u8a00\u300b\u770b\u665a\u660e\u5546\u4eba\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5b78\u5831\u300b\uff0c7,1\uff1a141-142\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\"> [39] <\/a> \u51cc\u71fd\uff0c\u300a\u897f\u6c5f\u8996\u81ec\u7d00\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\u53774\uff0c\u3008\u8a2d\u7acb\u884c\u7968\u793a\u3009\uff0c\u9801149\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\"> [40] <\/a> \u90b1\u6f8e\u751f\uff0c1995\uff0c\u3008\u7531\u8607\u5dde\u7d93\u5546\u885d\u7a81\u4e8b\u4ef6\u770b\u6e05\u4ee3\u524d\u671f\u7684\u5b98\u5546\u95dc\u4fc2\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6587\u53f2\u54f2\u5b78\u5831\u300b\uff0c43\uff1a37-92\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\"> [41] <\/a> \u65e9\u6709\u5b78\u8005\u4ee5\u5805\u5f37\u53f2\u6599\u6279\u99c1\u90a3\u4e9b\u8a87\u5927\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u570b\u300c\u6291\u5546\u300d\u89c0\u5ff5\u5be6\u6548\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u60f3\u50cf\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\uff1a\u8c37\u973d\u5149\uff0c1942\uff0c\u3008\u5510\u672b\u81f3\u6e05\u521d\u9593\u6291\u5546\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u5546\u69b7\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6587\u53f2\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b\uff0c1,11\uff1a1-10\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\"> [42] <\/a> \u795d\u6176\u797a\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u5211\u6848\u532f\u89bd\u300b\uff0c\u537717\uff0c\u98011213-1214\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\"> [43] <\/a> \u859b\u5141\u5347\uff0c\u300a\u8b80\u4f8b\u5b58\u7591\uff08\u91cd\u520a\u672c\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u537716\uff0c\u9801401\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\"> [44] <\/a> \u5433\u5947\u884d\uff0c1985\uff0c\u3008\u6e05\u4ee3\u524d\u671f\u7259\u884c\u5236\u8a66\u8ff0\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u53f2\u8ad6\u53e2\u300b\uff0c6\uff1a26-52\u3002\u97cb\u6176\u9060\uff0c1989\uff0c\u3008\u6e05\u4ee3\u7259\u5546\u5229\u5f0a\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u660e\u6e05\u53f2\u8fa8\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u9801289-298\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\"> [45] <\/a> \u90b1\u6f8e\u751f\uff0c1998\uff0c\u3008\u7531\u5e02\u5edb\u5f8b\u4f8b\u6f14\u8b8a\u770b\u660e\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u898f\u7bc4\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u570b\u7acb\u53f0\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u7cfb\u7de8\u300a\u53f2\u5b78\uff1a\u50b3\u627f\u8207\u8b8a\u9077\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u9801291-334\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\"> [46] <\/a> \u5f6d\u4e45\u677e\u3001\u9673\u7136\uff0c1994\uff0c\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u5951\u7d04\u80a1\u4efd\u5236\u6982\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c1994,1\uff1a56-65\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\"> [47] <\/a> \u6731\u82f1\uff0c1993\uff0c\u3008\u8ad6\u6e05\u672b\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u6cd5\u898f\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6b77\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c1993,5\uff1a92-109\u3002\u4fde\u6c5f\uff0c1998\uff0c\u3008\u300a\u5927\u6e05\u6c11\u5f8b\uff08\u8349\u6848\uff09\u8003\u6790\u300b\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8a55\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c1998\uff1a146-161\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\"> [48] <\/a> \u9b4f\u79a7\uff0c\u300a\u65e5\u9304\u96dc\u8aaa\u300b\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u5f35\u6f6e\u8f2f\u300a\u662d\u4ee3\u53e2\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u537712\uff0c\u980113\u4e0a-14\u4e0a\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\"> [49] <\/a> \u9b4f\u79a7\uff0c\u300a\u65e5\u9304\u96dc\u8aaa\u300b\uff0c\u537712\uff0c\u980114\u4e0a\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\"> [50] <\/a> \u6c6a\u8f1d\u7956\uff0c\u300a\u5b78\u6cbb\u7e8c\u8aaa\u300b\uff0c\u9801125\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\"> [51] <\/a> \u300a\u5927\u7fa9\u89ba\u8ff7\u9304\u300b\uff0c\u53771\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftn53\"> [52] <\/a> \u4f59\u82f1\u6642\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u660e\u4ee3\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5e7e\u4e4e\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6240\u898b\u5230\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u660e\u6e05\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u5df2\u6d6e\u73fe\u51fa\u4f86\u4e86\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8a71\u88ab\u5927\u91cf\u5730\u5f15\u7528\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u6587\u5b57\u4e4b\u4e2d\u2026\u2026\u66f4\u503c\u5f97\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u7531\u65bc\u300c\u58eb\u5546\u76f8\u96dc\u300d\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u6839\u672c\u5df2\u6539\u5f9e\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u770b\u4e16\u754c\u4e86\u2026\u2026\u6211\u5011\u5c24\u61c9\u91cd\u8996\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u6703\u81ea\u89ba\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5df2\u81ea\u89ba\u300c\u8cc8\u9053\u300d\u5373\u662f\u300c\u9053\u300d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u300d\uff08\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\uff0c1987\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e16\u5b97\u6559\u502b\u7406\u8207\u5546\u4eba\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u9801162-163\uff09\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftn53\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\"> [53] <\/a>\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\uff0c1987\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4e16\u5b97\u6559\u502b\u7406\u8207\u5546\u4eba\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u9801104-163\u3002\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\uff0c1996\uff0c\u3008\u73fe\u4ee3\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u56de\u9867\u8207\u5c55\u671b\uff1a\u5f9e\u660e\u6e05\u601d\u60f3\u57fa\u8abf\u7684\u8f49\u63db\u770b\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u767c\u5c55\u3009\uff0c\u6c0f\u8457\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u5112\u5b78\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c\u980114-27\u3002\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\uff0c1998\uff0c\u3008\u58eb\u5546\u4e92\u52d5\u8207\u5112\u5b78\u8f49\u5411\uff1a\u660e\u6e05\u793e\u6703\u53f2\u8207\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e4b\u4e00\u9762\u76f8\u3009\u3002\u6709\u95dc\u5341\u4e94\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u5f8c\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u70ba\u5546\u4eba\u64b0\u5beb\u300c\u58fd\u8a69\u3001\u58fd\u5e8f\u300d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u98a8\u6c23\uff0c\u53ef\u53e6\u898b\uff1a\u90b1\u4ef2\u9e9f\uff0c2000\uff0c\u3008\u8a95\u65e5\u7a31\u6ba4\u2014\u2014\u660e\u6e05\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6176\u58fd\u6587\u5316\u3009\uff0c\u9801120-127\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftn55\"> [54] <\/a> \u5289\u5ee3\u4eac\uff0c1987\uff0c\u3008\u5f8c\u5e8f\uff1a\u8fd1\u4e16\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u5546\u4eba\u3009\uff0c\u980141\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftn55\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftn56\"> [55] <\/a> \u9ec3\u4ec1\u5b87\uff0c1986\uff0c\u3008\u6211\u5c0d\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3009\uff0c\u980148\u3002 <a href=\"#_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftn56\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\"> [56] <\/a> Charles Taylor, 2000. <a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\"><\/a>\u201cTwo Theories of Modernity.\u201d In Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar ed. <strong><em>Millennial Quartet vol. 1, Alter\/Native Modernity<\/em><\/strong>. <strong><em>Public Culture<\/em><\/strong> 11,1: 153-154, 172-173.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftn58\"> [57] <\/a> Charles Taylor, 2000. <a href=\"#_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftn58\"><\/a>\u201cTwo Theories of Modernity.\u201d, p.159-160, 161-162.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref59\" name=\"_ftn59\"> [58] <\/a> \u7c21\u4ecb\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300d\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\uff1aNicholas Mercuro and Steven G. Medema. 1997. <strong><em>Economics and the Law: From Posner to Post-Modernism<\/em><\/strong>. pp.3-24.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u90b1\u6f8e\u751f\uff08\u4e2d\u7814\u9662\u53f2\u8a9e\u6240\u52a9\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\uff0c2001\u5e74\u5143\u6708\uff09* \uff08\u672c\u6587\u4fee\u6539\u5f8c\uff0c\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u300a\u53f0\u5927\u6b77\u53f2 &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/?p=822\">\u95b1\u8b80\u5168\u6587 <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[13,3,615],"tags":[805,806,87,598],"class_list":["post-822","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-13","category-3","category-615","tag-805","tag-806","tag-87","tag-598"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/822"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=822"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/822\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=822"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=822"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=822"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}